Meaning and Family History of the Surname Estrada

The toponymic surname Estrada originates from any of the many places in Spain and Portugal named Estrada, from Estrada, meaning road. Derived from the Latin stata, denoting a road or paved way, which in turn derives from sternere, to strew or cover. Estrada is the 52nd most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Portuguese Alternate Surname Spellings:  DE ESTRADA, ESTRADO, ESTRADER Famous People With the Surname Erik Estrada – American actor of Puerto Rican descentTomà ¡s Estrada Palma – First president of Cuba (1902–1906)Elise Estrada – Canadian pop-singer and actressJoseph Estrada – film actor, producer, former president of the Philippines Where Do People With the Estrada Surname Live? According to Public Profiler: World Names the majority of individuals with the Estrada surname live in Spain and Argentina, followed by concentrations in the United States, Canada, and France. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Estrada Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Estrada  family crest or coat of arms for the Estrada  surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   ESTRADA Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Estrada surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Estrada query. Source: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

War On Diplomacy By The American Civil War - 988 Words

War on Diplomacy To the victor goes the spoils, and in war that comes with writing the ballad of history. The American Civil War was no different, and it has gone down as a moral war that pitted brother against brother, spilt the blood of hundreds of thousands Americans, and showed the world that all men truly were created equal. This war showed the world that America was willing to do whatever it took to be one nation, indivisible with liberty, and justice for all. The Confederates did not share this same worldview. For the South, there was nothing Civil about this war. This was a revolution. Misguided or not, the Southern States saw the Union as a tyrannical oppressor, and they wanted their freedom. They wanted to become a sovereign nation. They wanted to become the Confederate States of America. This was easier said than done. To the United States of America, the Confederacy was an insurrection that needed to be extinguished. The longer the war waged, the better suited the Union was to win the war . If the Confederate States were to survive, they needed international help. Badly. The primary reason for the Confederate States of America’s fervent attempts at diplomacy was to be recognized by European powers as a sovereign state. If this occurred, the Union’s plan to, â€Å"save the union,† because to the international community the South would be an independent state with the ability to receive aid and establish trade agreements (1861–1865 - Milestones - Office of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil War Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1861, the American Civil War commenced after many years of tension building between the Northern and Southern states. The main reason of the tension was said to be the debate of slavery between the North and South, and although some documents support this claim, it is false. 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At first, their interventions were primarily in the Western Hemisphere. Between 1901 and 1920, U.S. marines landed in Caribbean countries over twenty times. These ships were sent off to establish stable access to raw materials like sugar and bananas, and for the bankers with loans to local governments that might not be repaidRead MoreDissent And Disagreement1459 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate†, which is true, but could have all conflicts been solved with diplomacy? Dissent is the life blood of democracy and it is not negative; it is vital to how our nation came to be. Dissent is, according to Boorstin, is when people â€Å"have a quarrel†, and disagreement is when people â€Å"have an argument†. He uses the word â€Å"quarrel† because it has a negative connotation behind it, but history provides evidence that counters this. World War II is such an example of a â€Å"quarrel† but without it systematic genocideRead MoreA Bitter Peace : Washington, Hanoi, And The Making Of The Paris Agreement1164 Words   |  5 Pagesby adopting two analysis strategies. One analysis strategy Asselin used was viewing the Vietnamese conflict in an international context. His second strategy was to explore the importance of diplomacy in the negotiations, as well as the pressures that each party faced. In the early 1970’s, the Vietnamese War became a stalemate between the United States government, and Vietnamese forces; neither side seemed to be making advances, and there was little will to fight. At the same time, both WashingtonRead MoreDwight D. 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Risk And Decision Making @Retail Industry

Ques:Write an article on Risk Management and decision making in business industry? Table of Contents Introduction. Objectives of the research. Research questions. Research methods. Literature Review. Data collection. Data analysis. Conclusion and Recommendations. References. Introduction Management of risk is one of the main concerns of the retail companies (Ey.com, 2014). The retail landscape is highly competitive. The retail industry face challenges from the economic downturn (Dnb.co.in, 2014). The retail industries are aware of the various types of risks and threats that are posed by the various organizations. The retail industry has to integrate their approach in order to address to the risks. The retail organizations face various types of risks. They are credit risk, operational risk, risk related to the expansion, growth and supplier risk. The retail industry has to take the decisions after proper analysis in order to minimize the risk (How to survive in an economic downturn and be even more competitive when the economy recovers, 2014; p-1-6). Objectives of the research The aim of the research is to analyze the various types of risks faced by the retail industry. The ways by which the risk can be minimized has been discussed in the paper. Research questions What are the various types of risks that affect the retail industry? What are decisions taken by the retail organizations to minimize the risk? Research methods The methodology of research can be divided into two categories. They are qualitative and quantitative in nature. The qualitative analysis is done by direct interaction with the sample. This is done by conducting interviews. The direct response of the customer can be obtained. The quantitative research is done by conducting surveys via questionnaires. The data obtained from quantitative analysis will be analyzed. The various types of risks that affect the retail industry can be analyzed by quantitative method. Literature Review The retailers are increasing their focus in managing the various risks that affect the retail industry. The down turn of the economy has resulted in increasing the importance of managing the credit risk. Management and integration of the credit risk is essential to avoid the future risks related to finance. Credit risk has negative impact on management of the retail operations. The management of the customer data has to be enhanced in order to address the various issues related to credit risk. There are various ways that are devised by the retail industry in order to manage the credit risk. These include management of the credit portfolio and collection management. Management of the supplier risk is an important concern of the retail industry. The management of the supplier reputation and quality is one of the major concerns of the retailers. The retailers are closely interconnected with the suppliers (Improving Sustainable Supply Chain Efforts Among Retail Leaders, 2014). So, mainte nance of connection with the suppliers is essential for the running the business in the retail industry. The customers show concern regarding the regarding private issues and protection of the database of the customers. There are several high profile incidents that have occurred in the retail industry related to the loss and theft of the information of the customers. Thus it is raising the concern of the retailers to manage the database of the customers effectively. Among the top ten supply chain management issues the retail companies give emphasis to the maintenance of the ethics and reputation of the supplier. The management of the supply chain risk issues is essential for mitigating the risks related to supply chain. Risk management helps the organization to deal with the various issues related to the volatility at the market place and minimize the complexity of the organization. The increasing volatility of the economic and the financial environment has resulted in the formulation of risk management techniques by the retail sector. Risk management is an effective tool to deal with the increasing volatility of the economic and the financial environment. The organization can be managed effectively by the various tools of risk management. Management of risk by the organizations provides competitive advantage to the organization (Transforming risk management into a competitive advantage, 2014). The organization can allocate the resources effectively. This will reduce the cost of expenditure of the organizations. Organizations have been able to manage risk and achieve sustainable profit and growth by following the various techniques of risk management. Management of the credit risk is an essential f actor for retail organizations. The retail organizations like bans monitor the various risks in the banks in order to avoid risk related to credit. The banks have established risk related framework so that they can take the decisions effectively for the management of risks. This has resulted in the reduction of the credit risk of the retail organizations. The retail organizations are using end to end risk management solutions for managing and facilitating the various workshops related to training and workshops. This will increase the return on investment of the customers. The customers can achieve tangible benefits from the process. Thus risk management has become an effective tool for the success of the organization. The retail organization can manage the various risks by analysis and using various advanced tools of risk management. This is important for the growth of the organization (Global Risk Management Point of View Retail, 2014;1-11). Economic downturn has increased the risk of the organizations (Nonprofitrisk.org, 2014). Thus the organization must perform activities to manage the risk. There must be a formalized and a structure technique for the management of risk of the organization. This will help the organization to grow. The risk management techniques will strengthen the pillar of the organization. Thus the organization must devise strategies in order to manage the economic downturn. Thus the organization can manage itself effectively for the next recession (Risk Management in a time of Global Uncertainty, 2014). The organization often faces risks that affect the reputation of the organization. Preserving the reputation of the organization is the goal of the organization. The goal of the organization has to be communicated among the employees of the organization in order to retain the culture of the organization. The organization must make additional efforts to maintain the reputation of the organization. Another risk affecting the retail industry is the risk that is associated with the management of the supply chain (Business.qld.gov.au, 2014). The supply chain disruptions can affect the supply chain adversely. Thus the organization has to devise strategies to manage the risks related to supply chain in an efficient manner. This will ensure sustainable growth of the organization. The risk management of the organization must be a balance between flexibility and vulnerability. The organization has to prioritize between the various issues that it is facing. The organization must implement a necessary plan for the improvement of the coordination among the supply chain (Culp, 2012). The management of the various risks helps to reduce the barriers and maximize the growth opportunities of the organization. The variability of the business organization can be reduced by taking risk management techniques. This will enhance the value of the organization. The risk management techniques will be beneficial for the organization for the purpose of decision making of the organization. The organization will be able to maintain a balance between the risk and the opportunity. This can be achieved by reducing the cost of capital of the organization. There must be risk transparency in the organization. The risk management can be improved by decreasing the negative effects that has been created by the various risks. The tangible as well as the intangible risks can be protected. The profitability of the organization will increase (Conrad and Yau, 2014).The risks in the retail sector can be managed by using efficient risk management techniques. This will ensure long term sustainabi lity of the organization. The profitability of the organization will not be affected. Data collection The process of collection of data is based on secondary data collection method. The data is collected from various journals and newspaper articles to describe the various risks facing the retail industry and the various techniques for management of the risk. Various statistics can be used as an effective tool for the process of data collection. Secondary data basically indicates data in which the background work has already been done. This can be obtained from the published texts related to the issue. The statistics that has been published can also be used for analysis of the research topic. The design of the research can be done in an efficient manner with the use of secondary data. The secondary data often provides a base for the primary data. There are various sources of secondary data. The source can be internal as well as external. The internal sources of secondary data are the records of sales, marketing activities of the organization, information about the cost and report of d istribution. The feedback of the customers using the products of the organization can also be used internal source of secondary data. The external sources of the secondary data are journals, newspaper, magazines and the internet. Data analysis The data obtained from the various sources show the various types of risk that affect the various retail organizations. One of the major risks that affect the retailer is the supplier related risk. It is a critical aspect of all retail organizations. Since the retail organizations are not involved in the process of manufacturing the product, supplier risk is one of the critical aspects faced by retail organizations. The various supplier related issues that is difficult for the organizations to control are shown below. The various risks related to the suppliers includes ethics of the suppliers and the reputation of the suppliers, the quality of the suppliers , the concentration of the suppliers, the variation in the lead time , disruption of the suppliers and the supplier tax and regulatory mechanisms. The major risk related to the supplier risk in the retail sector is related to the ethics of the suppliers and the reputation of the supplier. The data shows that 37 % of the supplier risk is related to the ethical issues with the suppliers. 20% of the risk arises as a result of inability of the supplier to maintain the quality of the product. The concentration of the supplier is an important factor to minimize the risk of the supplier. But the analysis shows that the risk related to the concentration of the supplier is 17%. Risk related to disruption of the supplier is 9% whereas the risk related to the supplier tax and other regulatory mechanisms are 6%. Retail industry is considered as the most competitive industry. It is seen that risk function is a major source of competitive advantage. Thus the retail industry is considered to be one of the highest performing sectors relative to the competitors. On comparing the competitive advantage of the various sectors, it is seen that the competitive advantage of the retail sector is the highest. The performance of the retail sector is the highest followed by the capital market, banking and the health care sector. The retail industry considers them to have higher level of efficiency in the management of the various risks. More than 60% of the organizations consider themselves to be the master in the management of risk than the industry average. The capability of the retail organizations in the process of decision making has helped the organization in taking the key decisions related to investment decisions, expansion decisions and the management of the performance of the organization. The retail industry has been seen to be proactive in identifying the various new risks that affect the retail industry. They have been constantly innovating themselves by bringing new tools for risk management which acts as a competitive differentiator. Th e retail organizations maintain good relationships with the regulatory agencies. Thus the regulatory agencies help the organizations in the future reforms. Credit risk and integration of the market risk along with finance has greatest impact for managing the retail operations. Among the various risks that has been concerning the retail sector, credit risk and financial integration has been a major problem for the retail organizations. Thus managing the two types of risk is crucial for the growth of the retail operations. Thus the retail organization considers management of the credit risk as one of the top priority of the retail organizations. This will ensure that there is no risk as a result of credit default in the organizations. The retail organizations have to implement strategies in order to mitigate the credit risks of the organizations. This will increase the efficiency of the organization and ensure sustainable growth of the organization. The various type of risk that affects the retail industry has been analyzed. The supplier risk and the credit risk is one of the major risks that affect the retail industry. However the retail industry has adopted various tools for the management of the risks in an effective way. The risk management tools have helped the organization for the purpose of decision making of the organization. This is essential for sustainable growth of the retail industry. The retail industry is the most competitive sector among all the major sectors. Conclusion and Recommendation The retail organization can manage the various risks by undertaking the following measures The retail organizations must focus on improving the quality of the data apart from focusing on improving the quantity. The retail organization must organize and restructure the data they receive from the customers. This can be done by the use of analytics. The retail organizations must incorporate efficient techniques for the management of the data. The data management will serve as an effective tool for managing the credit risk of the organization. This will maintain the data of the customers in a secured way. The retail organizations can improve their capabilities of risk management by improving their area of governance. The responsibility of corporate governance must be assigned to the right person so that he is able to handle the entire process. The importance of the integration of the credit risk with finance has been understood by the retail organizations. But it is difficult for the retail organizations to integrate credit risk with finance. Thus governance is required to manage the credit risk of the organizations. The retail industry is a highly competitive industry. But one can gain competitive advantage from its peers by taking a broader and integrated view for the management of risk. However, it is very important for organization for controlling the cost and maintains the operational efficiency of the organization. The organization must be able to achieve competitive advantage by devising the risk management approaches in an integrated manner. This will be essential for competitive advantage of the organization. Risk management is essential for the process of decision making of the organization. This will infuse risk awareness within the organization. The organization will be able to manage the risks effectively. The way in which the organizations can differentiate themselves from the competitors is by managing the risks effectively. The organizations can make risk management investments in order to increase the value of the organization to the share holders and achieve high performance. References Business.qld.gov.au,. (2014). Managing risk in supply chains | Queensland Government. Retrieved 29 November 2014 Conrad, L., Yau, C. (2014). Enterprise risk management: A critical tool for strategic decision-making (1st ed., pp. 1-6). Culp, S. (2012). Supply Chain Risk a Hidden Liability for Many Companies. Forbes. Retrieved 29 November 2014 Dnb.co.in,. (2014). Indian Retail Industry: Challenges, Opportunities and Outlook - Insight. Retrieved 29 November 2014 Ey.com,. (2014). Turn risk and opportunities into results: Retail sector - The top 10 risks. Retrieved 29 November 2014 Global Risk Management Point of View Retail. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-11). How to survive in an economic downturn and be even more competitive when the economy recovers. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-6). Improving Sustainable Supply Chain Efforts Among Retail Leaders. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-17). Nonprofitrisk.org,. (2014). Sustaining Nonprofits During Economic Downturns. Risk Management in a time of Global Uncertainty. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-10). Transforming risk management into a competitive advantage. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-7).

Music in Your Country Essay Example For Students

Music in Your Country Essay Is the traditional music of a country more important than the international music that is heard every nowadays? Music is an instrumental sound combined in a pleasing way. It is an art of writing or playing music. There are around hundreds of countries around the world today and all of them having a different traditional music. I believe, music is very important in our life. It makes you feel relax, good and sometimes makes you cry, emotional or takes you in the world of imagination. There re different types of music are available in this world today made by a rhythmic sound and melodies. One have a chance to choose any kind of music which suits their needs. No matter in whatever mood you are. Today in the world of developing technologies artist all over the world had put their all efforts in producing a world class music for every emotional state for every person. No one knows, from how many years we are listening to music. From where it has come from? All I can say, without music many people will loose their enthusiasm. It is believed, traditional music is more important than the international one, and it is Ewing heard every nowadays. I think, todays generation children and adults likes to hear more international music than a traditional one. Whereas, others likes to listen only traditional one. This is because, some people think we should not stop listening to our traditional music, and we should continue to forward our traditional and culture from generation to generation and should not loose it completely. In my opinion, every person have the right to choose any kind of music he likes to listen. Whether it is completely international or traditional and we should not interfere to the ones interest. Music in Your Country By Tractably

Slave Dbq free essay sample

Africans were bought to America and sold to Americans as workers. It wasnt long before slavery became a controversial issue. Over the course of almost two and a half centuries the debate of weather to continue or abolish slavery went on. The supporters and the abolitionist had their arguments on how they viewed slavery, and the government played their part too. Those who supported slavery were for the most part southerners. Senator John C. Calhoun states that slavery is a positive good.He says that through slavery, the conditions Of the races improved physically, morally, and intellectually and the two races of black and white were brought together. Calhoun also says that the living conditions for the slaves were good and they were taken care of. But in reality, the slaves were living in shacks fearing for their lives and hoping not to get beaten by their slave owner after a long hard day of working in the blistering sun on the plantations (document 2). We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another man against the abolition of slavery is Chancellor Harper.According to Harper, the emancipated slaves would harm the economy of the United States and Europe. This is because he believed that the free laborers would strike against working for higher pays and they wouldnt do their jobs, thus affecting the trade. The slaves did get paid but very low amounts compared to the hard work that they put into their jobs (document 3). Those were some arguments of people who supported slavery and believed that it should be contain due. People who didnt believe in slavery are known as abolitionist.

Influence of Changes in Exchange Rate on Imports and Exports

Influence of Changes in Exchange Rate on Imports and Exports Introduction The exchange rate refers to the â€Å"rate at which one nation’s currency can be exchanged for that of another† (Beardshaw 45). There are two types of exchange rates namely; the fixed exchange rate and the floating exchange rate. Under the floating exchange rate, the demand and supply forces determine the rate at which the currency of a country is exchanged with that of another country. The government usually determines the rate at which its currency can be exchanged with a foreign currency in the case of a fixed exchange rate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Changes in Exchange Rate on Imports and Exports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The factors that cause changes in exchange rate include â€Å"inflation, balance of trade and the real interest rate† (Beardshaw 46). The changes in exchange rate have both positive and negative impacts on economic activities. It partic ularly influences the level of import and export in a country. This paper will focus on the impact of changes in exchange rate on imports and exports in an international business. Impacts on Exports and Imports Prices of Commodities Changes in the exchange rate can result into either an increase or a decrease in the prices of imports and exports. In the context of exports, an appreciation of the local currency will result into an increase in the prices of the exports in the international market. This is because when the currency of the exporting country becomes stronger than that of the importing country, traders in the later purchase the currency of the former at a high rate in order to pay for the goods (Case and Fair 67). This means that the traders will be spending more on the goods even if their actual prices have not been increased. Thus an appreciation of the domestic currency will make the business’s products to be more expensive in the foreign market. However, a depr eciation of the domestic currency will make the exports cheaper (Lipsey and Hurbury 23). This is due to the fact that the customers will purchase the local currency at a low rate in order to pay for the products. An appreciation of the domestic currency will make the imported goods to be cheap. This is because the business will purchase the currency of the country from which the goods have been imported at a low rate (Thurbecke 113). This means that importers will spend less money to import the goods and this translates into low prices. On the other hand, a depreciation of the domestic currency will force the business to purchase the foreign currency at a high rate. Thus it will spend more in importing the goods and this translates into higher prices (Kwack 61). Demand and Supply The demand for the export products will be high if the domestic currency depreciates. This is due to the fact that the customers in the export market will spend less to import the goods and this translates into low prices. The low prices will increase the demand and supply of the export products (Mallick and Marques 770).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the demand for the export products will reduce if the local currency appreciates. This is due to the fact that such appreciation will translate into high prices as customers spend more in importing the goods. This leads to low demand and supply of the export products. The demand for imports will be low if the domestic currency becomes weak (Amor 113). This is because the business will spend more to import the goods as the cost of purchasing the foreign currency in order to pay for the goods increases. This leads to high prices and this translates into low demand and supply. However, the demand for imports will be high if the local currency appreciates since the favorable exchange rate will lower the costs of importing the goods. Marketing The marketing of both imports and exports is directly influenced by changes in the exchange rate. It particularly influences the marketing mix and segmentation process in regard to the exports and imports (Blinder and Baumol 134). A depreciation of the domestic currency results into high demand for the export products. Thus the business will focus on increasing distribution and identifying new segments in order to increase sales. However, an appreciation of domestic currency lowers the demand for the export products. Thus the focus of marketing will shift to promotion and segmentation. Promotional activities will be emphasized in order to increase sales. Besides, only products whose demands are not price elastic will be distributed. As the demand for the imports increases due to the appreciation of the domestic currency, the marketing team will focus on increasing distribution and identifying new segments in order to increase sales (Ito, Isard and Bayo umi 23). However, as the demand for the imports reduces due to the depreciation of the domestic currency, the marketing team will focus on promotion and selective distribution in order to increase the sales of the imported goods. Sources of the Imports Changes in exchange rate will influence the diversification of the sources of import goods. In order to avoid the risks associated with fluctuations in exchange rate, businesses usually diversify their sources of import goods. This means that they import the same product from different countries. They will always import from countries whose currencies are depreciating or are weaker as compared to that of their country (Thorbecke 509). This enables them to take advantage of the low cost of purchasing the foreign currency in order to pay for the imports. This leads to low prices and high demand for the products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Changes in Exchange Rate on Imports and Exports specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currency Selection and Payment Contracts Since countries use different currencies, an export and import business must decide its preferred currency for accepting payments or making payments. As discussed above, the fluctuations in the exchange rate has a direct impact on prices and demand for both imports and exports. Thus in order to avoid or to reduce the risks associated with exchange rate flactuations, international businesses always focus on sharing such risks with their partners (Blinder and Baumol 79). This has always been done by choosing a currency that is relatively stable. The selected currency must be accepted by both the exporter and the importer. For example, the US dollar is commonly used in international trade due to its stability. Thus changes in exchange rate determines the currency for paying for the imports and exports. Returns on Exports and Imports The changes in exchange rate have a direct imp act on the profits that accrue from both import and export trade. A depreciation of the local currency will increase the demand for the export goods. This leads to high sales and an increase in profit margins (Case and Fair 75). However, an appreciation of the local currency leads to a reduction in sales and profit margins as the products become more expensive in the export market. In the case of imports, an appreciation of the local currency leads to high demand and this translates into high sales and profits. However, the depreciation of the local currency will negatively affect sales as prices increase due to the high cost of purchasing foreign currency in order to pay for the imports. As the sales reduce, the profits also reduce. Product Development A stable exchange rate will enable the business to sustain the desired level of revenue. This is because the demand and supply as well as sales will not be adversely affected by the fluctuations in exchange rate as discussed above. T hus the company will be able to obtain the funds that are needed for research and development in order to produce the goods and services that meet the expectations of the customers. However, fluctuations in the exchange rate undermine the financial performance of an import and export business (Kwack 62). This forces international companies to direct a high percentage of their revenue towards the implementation of strategies that enables them to survive the negative effects of exchange rate fluctuations. Such strategies include sales campaign and sharing the costs of importation or exportation with the customers. Consequently, very little funds are allocated for research and development and this undermines the process of product development.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The above discussion shows that the exchange rate has a great influence on import and export businesses. The businesses gain when the exchange rate is favorable as discussed above. However, they lose when the exchange rate is unfavorable. The undesired effects of changes in exchange rate on exports and imports include increase in prices and reduction in demand and profit margins (Case and Fair 58). Changes in the exchange rate can also lead to a reduction in prices and an increase in demand and profits. Thus it is upon the business owners to understand the dynamics of the exchange rate in the market in order to avoid the risks associated with exchange rate fluctuations. Amor, Thouraya. Financial integration and real exchange rate volatility. International Journal of Business and Management 3 (2007): 112-115. Beardshaw, John. Economics. New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2001. Print. Blinder, Alan and William Baumol. Economics: principles and policy. New York: Cengage, 2009. P rint. Case, Karl and Ray Fair. Principles of economics. New York: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Ito, Takatoshi, Peter Isard and Tumim Bayoumi. Exchange rate movements and their impact on trade and investment . Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1996. Print. Kwack, Sung. Exchange rate and monetory regime options for regional cooperation. Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 16 (2008): 503-517. Lipsey, Richard and Colin Hurbury. First principles of economics . London: Oxford University Press, 1992. Print. Mallick, Suschanta and Helena Marques. Passthrough of exchange rate and tariffs into prices of India. Review of International Economics 16 (2008): 765-782. Thorbecke, Willem. Global imbalances, triangular trading patterns and the yen/dollar exchange rate. Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 22 (2008): 503-517. Thurbecke, Willem. Investigating the effects of exchange rate chnages on Chinas processed exports. Journal of Japanese and International E conomics 10 (2010): 101-126.

The benefits of international portfolio investment Essay

The benefits of international portfolio investment - Essay Example There are numerous benefits of internationalizing the portfolio. By internationalizing, the individual or firm will be able to minimize the risk; invest in growing markets thus benefiting from their growth; hedge the prices of goods in the consumption basket; enjoy higher return than expected; diversify investments; and enjoy lower variation of return. High economic growth leads to the higher GDP and high growth level. This attract other investors from other countries in invest in the growing economies. Growing economies are determined by the World Bank as the ones which have average income levels but high economic growth levels. These emerging economies can be of Middle East, Asia, Africa or Latin America. The growth levels attract the foreign investment which further improves their economy. These economies including some of the developed ones such as Japan and Netherlands provide tremendous opportunities to foreign investors. The financial investment in these countries enable indiv iduals and firm to increase their investment by two fold within a couple of years. Hence, it is seen as a good opportunity by investors. However, the small economies are still riskier compared to developed economies. In small economies, the prices might fluctuate rapidly and in case of liquefying the investment, losses might have to be borne. Also, the emerging economies might not be too stable politically. Thus, there is a political risk involved such as instability of political system, change of policies regarding foreign investment and remittances, change in foreign exchange policy and change of property rights. These factors make the investment in emerging markets riskier compared to developed economies where there is political stability. ... (Perry) However, the small economies are still riskier compared to developed economies. In small economies, the prices might fluctuate rapidly and in case of liquefying the investment, losses might have to be borne. Also, the emerging economies might not be too stable politically. Thus, there is a political risk involved such as instability of political system, change of policies regarding foreign investment and remittances, change in foreign exchange policy and change of property rights. These factors make the investment in emerging markets riskier compared to developed economies where there is political stability. (Yavas, 2007) In contrast to this, the overall portfolio risk will be reduced because there will be less, no or negative correlation between markets which will be beneficial for the investor. On the other hand, there is a difference in taxes, potential information and forecasts. Some of the forecast made by countries might differ significantly from actual result. Thus, th e exact picture or perfect information regarding investment might not be available. The markets are seemed to have integrated over the years and are considered negatively or not at all correlated to each other. Thus, the investors benefit from investing worldwide because it one investment’s return are falling, other investment’s return might increase or remain same. Thus, the investor will be better off. However, each country has its own investing and currency exchange policy which might be a hindrance for the investor. The investor benefits from ‘pure diversification’ by investing worldwide but might face policy restrictions. (Bartram & Dufey, 2001) Factor influencing the structure of International Portfolio Investment The factors