Brand Life cycle- Nescafe

Nescafà © is a brand of instant coffee made by Nestlà ©. It comes in many different product forms. The name is a portmanteau of the words â€Å"Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬ . Nestlà ©'s flagship powdered coffee product was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938. a brand introduced by the Nestlà © company, can be traced back to the 1930s.FIRST STAGE – LAUNCH OF THE BRAND.Nescafe launched under the umbrella brand of Nestle. It offers its buyers premium roasted coffee. The strategy that Nescafe took was to offer a different and better taste of coffee at an affordable price. It was first launched in India in Delhi. Initially it targeted the housewives and office goers. Therefore they first studied he most effective places to promote it in. Then came the various mediums through which they will promote it. Nescafe right from the launch has come up with various TVCs. Television advertising is the most effective way to maintain the brand awareness and reaching a mass audience at one time. By creating advertisements it was able to reach its potential and target audience. Whether housewives or working professionals – all have access to a television. It had been portrayed as a drink to start your day with and getting rid of tiredness, fatigue, sleepiness and providing a superior and different taste.The brand had a niche look and feel to it, yet priced reasonably. Nescafe also targeted Offices and big enterprises; where they exclusively put vending machines. This not only increased the consumption of coffee but also helped in the promotion of their brand. And people were so impressed by the taste that they would also purchase it for home so in turn their sales increased. We have also seen such vending machines in Malls and cafeterias. This way more and more people were able to taste the brand and in turn it created brand awareness. It also spread brand awareness through print media, lot of newspaper and magazine advertisements. A very im portant aspect for the growth of the brand was its parent brand- Nestle. By the time Nescafe launched in India Nestle has a strong brand image amongst the audience and  shared a relationship of trust and heritage.Therefore more and more people opted for the brand. As a product strategy they always promoted the fact that they are giving its customers the best selection of coffee and 100% pure; that in turn became its USP. They also launched various types to cater to the different coffee lovers- mild, rich, and espresso, instant and so on. This way they had captured the market. As for the pricing of the brand they kept it reasonable- not very low or very high. They knew that Indians are very economical and look for the best deals. Therefore providing superior taste at an affordable price will attract many. Nescafe also created small campaigns that would intrigue its customers- these campaigns were seen on television and even through print media.These campaigns worked towards creatin g a stronger brand image. As though to make Nescafe synonymous to coffee. One of their most popular campaigns being the Nescafe â€Å"Red Mug†. Even today we all can associate Nescafe with its signature red mug. What more they even gave out these mugs as freebies with coffee bottles.Similarly they provided â€Å"shakers† for making cold coffee and etc. For the new flavours of coffee, sample sachets were distributed. In the beginning any company needs to spend a substantial amount of money and time in strengthening their brand image amongst the masses and creating maximum brand awareness whether it’s through pricing or promotion. Nescafe has used all possible mediums in doing so and today it has emerged as the Market leader.SECOND STAGE- MATURITYFor a brand maturity is that stage when the people are fully aware of the existence of the brand. With this comes in its competitor brands. For Nescafe thankfully there hasn’t been much competition in the Indian ma rket except for Bru. Bru is under HUL and entered the market shortly after Nescafe. It also claimed to offer high quality coffee. Bru’s USP was that was India’s largest coffee brand. Bru targeted almost all sectors of audience, even the younger generation. It’s ads and promotion was more customer centric. It talked more about bonds and emotions therefore captured a lot of attention. At such a stage Nescafe had to remind its customers of its presence. Nescafe as a brand has already created awareness therefore what they did was tried to connect with it’s audience.There was no need o  promote the product anymore as people were already aware of it and liked it. So what they did was got create campaigns where people could relate with the brand. Nescafe indulged into below the line promotion like celebrity endorsements and sponsorships. In their recent ads they have got popular actors endorsing the brand and promoting the fact that they too drink a cup of Nes cafe everyday whether in between work or over a conversation. One of their lastest campaigns being â€Å"to know your neighbours†.This campaign doesn’t really talk about the goodness of Nescafe or coffee. It concentrates more on bonding, relationships and how coffee can be a conversation starter. They had actors like Deepika Padukone endorse it therefore this also fulfilled their aim at targeting the younger generation as well. They have also entered into social marketing with such campaigns- through facebook, twitter and of course it’s own website. Nescafe as also opened cafeterias and coffee lounges therefore giving its customers a complete coffee experience. They have also cleverly targeted the places in which these cafes will be opened. Places which are in close proximity to colleges, offices and malls will attract maximum number of customers. Strategies like these were used just to keep the brand alive and sustainable in the minds of its customers.THIRD STA GE- DECLINING STAGENescafe has still not reached a declining. It is still the market leader and has a strong presence in the minds of its customers. If at all it ever reaches a declining stage it must recover by the following methods- When a brand reaches a declining stage it means that it has lost out to other competitor brand on the basis of quality ,taste, variety, promotion etc. So first stage is to identify the cause and then work upon it. If its quality or taste they must improve upon it and relaunch it to let its customers know that the new product is better,tastier,richer and so on. It can launch a variety of new products- this will excite the customers and they will have something new to look for to.Tying up with other brands- Maybe Nescafe can tie up with other brands under Nestle and promote itself with it. Maybe by giving it’s customers attractive offers. Bundling the two products and selling it. Buyers are always economical and looking for the  best deals. So m aybe the company can give discounts and other sttractive offers like buy one get one, 20% more†¦.etc. Make fresh TVCs and emphasise on brand heritage since its an old brand.

Autozone and Caterpillar

Consider the auto parts buyer decision process. How has this process changed for new Outshone customers. How has the economy Influenced this change?! If we rely to Miami FL specifically to answer this question, it would be easy to answer, because in this city the majority of the population is Hispanic. This is a target that has immigrated from his native country, in which they are used to having their same car for many years. Unlike the American people who are used to having new cars tie often. The changing economy these days also has a lot to do with It. Since, people often prefer to buy the portion of the vehicle that Is bad, and change whatever Is necessary instead to buy a new car. They prefer to spend In small quantities to make larger investments as it be would a new car. ‘ 2. Veils www. Outshone. Com. Does It appear that the company Is trying to help the newer, lessknowledgeable customer? Based on your observations, what recommendations would you make to Outshone?! Yes, I think they're trying to help customers, or at least tries to pretend that.Their website have several discounts. For example, you can rent certain tools If you have also pick the piece that you need in the store Just in twenty four hours, which I think is pretty convenient. According to my point of view as well as designer and client I would slightly improve the website, because it is a bit confusing, it has everything everywhere, the texts are in different colors like, black, gray, white, orange. In my opinion a website should look clean and tidy so in that way the client can move through it in a more efficient manner.!Caterpillar! . Given the nature of the demand for its products, is there anything that Caterpillar could do to maintain or increase revenues in a down economy?! Since this company is directly dependent on other companies, which are responsible for building and are in need of this heavy machinery. I think the key to improve or maintain their income, would offer packa ges and special offers. As would several machines, whether the more indispensable machines for building in a better price.Or maybe have a department of resale, where are responsible for buying and selling old machinery and restore it and sell it again at better price than a new one.! 2. As a corporation that fuels the economy to some extent, is there anything that Caterpillar could do to facilitate a global economic recovery?! Probably yes, since this is a company that eventually is need to all the things that want to be build. Therefore Caterpillar could develop certain plans to help small businesses or new businesses doing something similar as exchanges; That is they provide them much more economical machinery, or instead of selling the machines,

Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights Essay

Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights - Essay Example Union Citizenship - metaphor or source of rights? The present EU law does not define whether the citizenship of EU will cover those non-citizen individuals who are residing in a Member States for long years. In Rudy case, the concept of citizenship to offer rights for free movement, the Court of Justice has been reluctant to confer â€Å"quasi-citizenship† rights to nationals of third countries who are residing in the Union for many years. Thus, the law relating to EU citizenship seems to be in the infancy stage where a lot of reform has to be undertaken to plug the existing loophole that is found in the present EU citizenship rules and to make the EU as a whole as a borderless territory. Reich is of the opinion that the phrase â€Å"EU citizenship â€Å" has not been defined exactly and due to this , there are flooding of case laws as regards to free movement and social rights for non-citizens living in EU for many years. Reich is of the view that citizenship can be defined as â€Å"full membership of the community â€Å"which offers a package of rights, which consists of social, civic and political rights. Reich is more concerned about the rights of third nationals who are residing in the EU Member States for long years. He is of the view that EU citizenship should not be decided merely on the citizenship of Member States but also should include those who are residing in a Member States for many years. Reich insi sts that there should not be any non-discrimination for granting citizenship to those who residing in a Member State for many years as compared to those who are having natural citizenship. Reich is of the view that citizenship should be awarded both on the status path and on the rights path. Reich prefers that union citizenship as a simile with some valued added to it. Reich cites the verdict in Micheletti case, where EU citizenship is derived from the condition of nationality. The EU has no authority to grant citizenship as an outcome of nationality. The citizenship in the EU Member State has to be recognised Union-wide even where an individual who had a dual citizenship as held in Micheletti case As per Reich, for contrasting between the duties and rights of Member States’ nationals in the European Union, nationality should not be considered as a criterion unless there exists some particular variety of cross-border disputes that inflicts different norms. In concluding part, Reich is of the opinion that the question – Union Citizenship – Whether Metaphor or source of Rights – can be found to be positive only to a restricted degree. Reich is of the opinion that citizenship seems to be like a baby in a cradle who is in deep sleep who has to be awakened by a gentle kiss by the direct impact of community law. 2.How has the law relating to Union Citizenship developed since the publication of the article in 2001? ( 900 words) As per Siofra O’ Leary, there is a failure to make an obvious connection between ambit and operation of the community citizenship with that of fundamental rights of EU citizen. EU citizenship offers the following rights; right of unrestricted movement , right to stand for election both for municipal and EU parliament , the right to petition , the right of consular and diplomatic protection , the right of petition and safeguard by the Ombudsman of the European Parliament. However, EU citizenship is not essenti al for enjoying certain rights for those who reside in EU Member States like directives on consumer, worker, environmental protection and data. The same will hold true in the case of both European and International conventions either on the aspect of conflict of laws or on jurisdictions. Thus,

History of CTE education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of CTE education - Assignment Example Learning in the program is problem-based. The students are able to get first-hand information about how to handle clinical situations. Experience gained is vital in continuing with Nursing Assistant as a career. Nurses are important members of the health care professional fraternity. Historically, very few students proceeded with their education past high school. This was a result of system failure as the students were ill prepared to continue with their education. The situation improved with the introduction of vocational training in 1914. More students could stay in school for longer period and earned additional skills. Smith-Hughes act passed in 1917 led to creation of two distinct paths for high school students (Gordon 105). One was for those who took the vocational training path while the other was pure academics. In 1994, School to Work act introduced to add more significance to the education system. The act encouraged career awareness in schools. No child left behind (NCLB) act came in 2002 that focused on academic achievement before proceeding to the colleges. With coming of CTE, students not only have academic achieved but also have skills for their

Why Should the Wendy's Brand Enter the European Market Research Paper

Why Should the Wendy's Brand Enter the European Market - Research Paper Example .... 1.2 Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 1.3 Research Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.4 Reliability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.5 Data Collection and Presentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.6 Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. Data Presentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.2 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.3 Research Findings – France†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2.4 Research Findings – Denmark and the United Kingdom†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 Research Findings – Spain†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 2.6 Research Findings – Wendy’s Best Practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Conclusion and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦ 4. Report Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. References 1. Introduction: Wendy’s is a well known American Burger Fast Food which operated over 6,500 restaurants under the Wendy’s Brand in 26 countries and territories in the world. (The Wendy's Company, 2011). Since Wendy’s International was separated from the Wendy’s U S Brand in 2009 the Brand has laid the groundwork for a much more adapted international expansion which has been really positive according to Darrell van Ligten, President of Wendy’s international (2011). The Brand is still growing with new restaurant development announcements in Singapore, the Middle East and Nord Africa, the Russian Federation, The Eastern Caribbean, Argentina, the Philippines and Japan (The Wendy's Company, 2011). Unfortunately according to the map of Wendy’s Around the World Wendy’s International is missing on an important market which is Europe representing 17.10% of the Global Fast Food Market (2009). According to the Industry profile of Fast Food in Europe the European market reach a value of 34.2 billion of dollars and grew by 4,4% (Datamonitor, 2009). To be more precise the French Market of fast food industry in 2009 was 6.4 billion of dollars with a faster growth than the German and UK market (Datamonitor, Fast Food Industry Profile: France, 2010). 1.1 Aim: The aim of this research is to investigate on the advantage that the Wendy’s Brand could get by entering the European Market. 1.2 Research Methodology During this research a longitudinal approach was used to identify a problem, which identified the need of the Wendy’s Brand to grow in Europe due to the expansion of the brand in the International Market. Then research to understand the relevant gathered information and interpret them in their context. In order to construct a realistic study the researcher tried to have equilibrium between data collection and data analysis. A deductive approach was use during this research which involves the development of a theory that is subjected to a rigorous test like a scientific research. According to Robson there are five sequential stages through which deductive research will progress: 1. The hypothesis, Europe is an interesting Market for Wendy’s. 2. Expressing the hypothesis in operational terms, like how much revenue could Wendy’s expect expending in Europe. 3. Testing this operational hypothesis, with the research on three objectives. 4. Examining the specific outcome of the inquiry, for example what would be the benefices for the Wendy’s brand to be developed in Europe? 5. If necessary, modifying the theory with the

Vince Foster was Murdered Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vince Foster was Murdered - Research Paper Example This paper explores the controversy of Foster’s death, of whether he was murdered or not. It also examines the investigations done by several institutions in deciphering the truth of Foster’s death. On Murder Burnett gives two major scenarios on the death of Foster: (1) murder sponsored by the Clintons; and (2) murder committed by a foreign secret service spy. First, the Clintons had ordered the killing, in a clandestine fashion, of Foster for the reason of stopping him to reveal â€Å"damaging information he held with respect to the Clintons† (Burnett 162). Before his death, it must be noted that the victim (i.e., Foster) was a deputy officer to the White House counsel under Bill Clinton’s administration. That is to say, the victim had direct and immediate accessed to the data or information pertaining to the activities of the Clintons -- activities that were associated to Travelgate and other alleged scandals. Moreover, the U.S. Congress had invited Fost er to testify concerning the scandals connected to the president in question. Thence, the Clintons deemed it fitting to murder Foster. Second, a foreign secret service murdered the said victim for the reason that Foster was â€Å"some kind of super-spy† (Burnett 162). ... Hamilton inquires concerning the motive of the Clintons as to why they had removed files, shortly after Foster’s death, from the â€Å"dead man’s office† (150). Such move -- what Glad calls the â€Å"handling of papers† (861) -- by the Clintons had generated many and various speculations about the death of Foster. It seemed that the powers-that-be had attempted to cover -- Grossman and Yalof have questioned the covering up made by the Clintons concerning Foster’s alleged suicide -- several data or information under the possession of their deputy officer in order to escape court trial and punishment. Further, Ruddy had raised three major â€Å"evidences† that showed the inconsistency and incompleteness of the findings based from official investigations pertaining to Foster’s death (qtd. in Moldea 158): First, there was no gunfire heard at the park during the time-period of the victim’s death. People or â€Å"witnesses† who were present in Fort Marcy Park were unable to hear any gunshot at the time of Foster’s alleged suicide. Second, the victim’s family had failed to identify the gun which was found in Foster’s hand. Upon seeing the gun in question, the victim’s wife was unable to determine whether or not the said weapon was Foster’s. Third, the official investigation did not consider â€Å"Foster’s time from 1 PM† up to the time that his body was found. Such official investigation seemed only to account the limited â€Å"time† from the period of Foster’s death. On Suicide Greenberg notes that there were five investigations done extensively from 1993 until 1997 which center on probing the death of Foster. In contrast to Robert Fiske’s, the investigation or probe headed by Kenneth Starr was

Hitler's rise to power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hitler's rise to power - Essay Example The failure of Germany to pay war reparations would sometimes lead to military action. The Treaty of Versailles states in Article 232 that â€Å"The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency† ("Reparation"). As the government began to print bills, hyperinflation wrecked the German economy. The Great Depression was a powerful event which indirectly led to the rise of Hitler. Hitler gained enormous public support following his trial after the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923. He spent a few months in jail where he realized that the only way to gain power was to work inside the system. Also Hitler did not enjoy support from the German elite which also prevented his failure at that time. But by the 1930s, Hitler’s charismatic personality and speeches had won him the support of the German army and industrial sector. His book Mein Kampf became a blueprint for his ideology of hatred and racism. He lashed out at Jews, Social Democrats and Communists as being enemies of the German nation. In his book Hitler says that â€Å"In the meetings of those days, especially outside of Munich, there would be five, six, seven, and eight hundred adversaries to fifteen or sixteen National Socialists† (Hitler). He praises the bravery of the Nazi party against Socialist thugs â€Å"And it happened more than once that a handful of party comrades heroically fought their way to victory against a roaring, flailing Red majority† (Hitler). The Nazi party was banned in the late 1920s as it fell apart. Hitler’s amazing skills as a demagogue were crucial for the survival of the National Socialist Party. These skills also allowed him to rise into power as he addressed the crowds into hysteria. Hitler was a brilliant

Public display of affection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public display of affection - Essay Example Lenny would see his sea turtle friends, Liam and Levon, kissing and showing affection to the Lady Leatherbacks without a single thread of emotion or care for who was around. And the next day he would see these same friends displaying affection with new Lady Leatherbacks. Lenny wanted nothing to do with this. Lenny thought that affection was personal and wanted to meet someone who shared the same thoughts. He searched and searched for many years. He grew larger and larger. He waited and he waited but he never seemed to find that special Lady Leatherback. Instead he always seemed to find Liam and Levon up to the same old tricks. Oh, how Lenny longed to meet someone like him. As Lenny grew older he decided that perhaps he should give up and began to realize that maybe he really was one in a million. He thought the chances of him finding his dream turtle were also 1 in a million. He crawled up on the shore and came to terms with his new realization. Minutes passed and as Lenny lay content in the sun he realized he was not alone. Within turtle tails reach was a Lady Leatherback. Lenny started a slow turtle conversation that has now lasted over 30 years. At the point in his life where Lenny became content with himself he found his lady leatherback and she found him. Though, to this day, there hasn’t been another turtle to verify their affection Lenny is now a proud father to 8 turtle children, 23 turtle grandchildren, 45 turtle great grandchildren, and 100 turtle great great grandchildren. And Lenny and his Lady Leatherback are as happy as

HEMP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HEMP - Research Paper Example tral Asia as well as South Asia, existence of Hemp can be traced back to third millennium and during 2003 a basket made up of leather was figured out near a twenty eight hundred year old mummified shaman, the basket contained remains of cannabis leaf. The existence of this drug can be traced in India and its existence is even stated in the Sanskrit. The psychoactive elements of this herb were recognized by the Aryans, the herb was even utilized for ritual purposes, used by cults related to pharmacology. It is even said to be used by Jews, Muslims and Christians in their religious practices. According to John Gregory Bourke, Hemp was used by the Mexican community to heal various health issues such as asthma and to accelerate delivery of child. According to Bourke, the herb is a very prominent negative finding of the East side of the world and the herb has an ability to make individuals conduct anti-social behaviour. During the early period of the 20th century, the drug was banned and criminalized. During 1906, US banned its use, later in 1911, South Africa even joined the process of banning hemp, in the 20s of the nineteenth century, and it was banned by the government of New Zealand and United Kingdom. Later in the 1937 era, US passed an act to restrict the production of this drug; this act was recognized as Marihuana Tax Act. Around more than 5000 years ago, hemp was first used as medicine for various illnesses such as female health issues, malaria and constipation, later it was recommended to be used as analgesic for surgical purposes. Hemp has been used in India as a means of relieving headache, decreasing fever and inducing sleep and increasing the functionality rate of mind. In Africa, this herb was used for similar purposes, even in modern days; it is used before childbirth and to treat poison from snake bites. High medical value was attached to the herb by the Europeans during the period of the 5th and the 15th century, during 1621, it was even recommended

OpenChannel Flow Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OpenChannel Flow - Lab Report Example A minimum specific energy indicates a steady flow with parallel streamlines especially in channels characterized with very small slopes. Hydraulic jump, a phenomenon that depends on initial fluid velocity, occurs when the transition velocity increases abruptly. As a result, the transition front breaks and curls back upon itself in conjunction with violent turbulence and eddy currents. The introduction of a weir along the channel of fluid flow results to an increase in the fluid level. An increased fluid head or level is determined by measuring the upstream of the hydraulic structure. According to ToolBox (2014), the rate of fluid flow over the weir relates with the level of the weir. To determine the discharge constant for the weir, individuals should conduct some fluid analysis and calibration tests. In most cases, the discharge coefficient remains constant for a given set of head ranges. A specific energy diagram determines the possible heights and depths of weirs. A low level that supports critical flow results to a decrease in the fluid level without affecting the upstream (Kay, 2015). After achieving the critical flow, an increase in the weir level leads directly affects the upstream fluid level. Typically, a subcritical flow produces a low vitality state while a supercritical state creates a faster and shallow flow. During a supercritical condition, waves produced by downstream eddies cannot travel upstream. On the other hand, subcritical conditions initiate upstream travel of waves produced at the downstream due to the slower flow of fluids. The diagram below demonstrates the water profile along the flow channel with various regions where subcritical and supercritical flows

Cartoon Channels Essay Example for Free

Cartoon Channels Essay With the advent of satellite broadcasting technology during the mid 1970’s it became possible for Television networks to air their programs all over the world. By the 1980’s, Television established itself as a powerful medium of communication and new strategies were devised by television companies to stay ahead in the game. One such strategy was the development of programmes that targeted specific sections of the community. A few of the television channels decided to focus on children and began developing programmes that would appeal to them. It was to leverage this niche market that channels like Cartoon Network came into existence. It was launched in October 1992 in the US by one of the world’s leading media companies, Turner Broadcasting System. It offered animation programmes from TBS’s extensive library of more than 10,000 Warner Bros, Hanna-Barbera and MGM cartoons. Over the next few years the channel launched in different parts of the globe showing not only their famous cartoons, but also developing original shows. Cartoon Network entered India in October 1995, sharing airtime with Turner Network Television (TNT). As the pioneer in the Indian cartoon and animation market, Cartoon Network quickly gained popularity and had a huge fan base in the metropolitan cities. When Cartoon Network entered India, there were no established players and it was not very difficult for the Network to entrench itself in the minds of the children and register itself as a channel synonymous with cartoons. It established itself very quickly as a major player in the Indian satellite Television market and became a household name. In the 1990’s the entry of other leading children’s channels like Kermit and Nickelodeon created intense competition and Cartoon Network had to rethink their strategy to stay ahead in the game in the Indian cartoon market. The strategy that it worked out was the emphasis on ‘localization’. It localized the content by dubbing its cartoons first in Hindi to appeal to the Hindi-speaking audiences and then taking its localization efforts further it introduced Tamil-dubbed shows in 2000. The first dubbed programme was ‘Toon Tamasha’ and very soon it started offering localized versions of its popular cartoons. Localization is the key to success in television programming. Localizing the content to suit the needs and tastes of the audiences is the key to garner more viewership and television rating points. When Cartoon Network introduced Tamil-dubbed shows, Kathy McClaure, Vice President Programming, Turner Network, Asia, said, â€Å"The bringing in of Tamil-dubbed cartoons is to further reinforce Cartoon Network’s commitment to bring localized programming. † Some of cartoon shows that were dubbed in Hindi and Tamil were Scooby Doo, Flintstones, Swat Kats, The Mask, The Addam’s Family, Johnny Quest and Captain Planet. On account of its growing popularity it started its 24-hour non-stop service in July 2001. The 24-hour service was part of the channels global strategic mission to place cartoons and animation in level with general entertainment that appealed not just to the children but to the adults also. Today the appeal of cartoon network is not just to children between 4 and 14 years, but also to the teenagers and adults who constitute 30 to 40% of the channel’s viewership. Cartoon Network in India is the most popular cartoon dedicated television channel in India. Chutti TV was launched on April 19, 2007 and is a 24-hour Tamil language television channel owned by the Sun Network. It is Sun TV Network’s first ever television channel for kids. The target audiences are children aged between 3 and 14. It is a free-to-air channel available on most local cable television networks. It broadcasts cartoon shows of foreign countries and networks translated into Tamil. Some of the famous and most popular shows are Jackie Chan, He-Man, Astro Boy, Avatar, Dora the Explorer, Bob Morane, Lucky Luke, Spider Man, Bumba and Danny amp; Daddy. Disney XD or Disney Channel is another famous cartoon channel and it telecasts cartoons like The Donald Duck Show, Dennis and Gnasher and television shows like Shararat Karishma Ka Karishma, Shaka Laka Boom Boom and many more. The Donald Duck Show is based on the typical Mickey Mouse Series and there are other shows like Chip and Dale, The Rescue Rangers and Dennis the Menance. POGO is a cable and satellite television channel created by Turner Broadcsting, a unit of Time Warner for India, which primarily shows animated programming. It was launched in January 2004 as a children’s entertainment hannel like its sister channel Cartoon Network and its primary target audience is children aged 3+ to young adults aged up to 40. Pogo airs in multiple languages in India. The channel carries a number of popular animated shows as well as live action shows. Turner produces exclusive shows for Pogo under the brand name Pogo Originals. The Music Art and Dance show M. A. D. is India’s No. 1 do-it-yourself show. A super-hit 2D animated series is ‘Chhota Bheem’ which won the Best Animated TV series award at the ‘Golden Cursor Awards 2009 held in Mumbai. Chhota Bheem is produced by Green Gold Animation, Hyderabad.

Improving Health Rural Areas Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Improving Health Rural Areas Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay This paper talks about poverty and how we can improve the health structure of people living in rural areas of Nigeria. Poverty creates ill- health because it forces people to live in environments that make them sick, without decent shelter, clean water or adequate sanitation. Poverty creates hunger, which in turn leaves people in danger to disease. Poverty denies people access to reliable health services and affordable medicines, and causes children to miss out on routine vaccinations. Poverty creates illiteracy, leaving people poorly Informed about health risks and forced into dangerous jobs that harm their health. It also seeks to discuss ways in which healthcare could be improve in the rural areas with the use of ICT. Furthermore, this paper seeks to document the problems associated with the lack of ICT in rural areas in Nigeria. On the other hand also it seeks to analyze the benefits of ICT when applied with healthcare delivery in the rural areas. Also it talks and suggests about medical practice like telemedicine, sharing of data through a database and sharing of experience that only ICT can bring about in the rural areas are only one of its kind approaches that can improve healthcare in the rural areas. Also how government would attempt or help to solve and reduce poverty in rural areas in the Nation such as electricitys, good roads for transportation and good communication network systems, well qualified doctors with adequate drugs for treatments. Introduction Health care is the treatment and prevention of illness. Health care is delivered by professionals in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy and allied health. People living in rural area of Nigeria lack qualitative health care system such as good hospitals around, drugs and good professionals to examine them and even health education or health awareness program that could help educate them on how to live a healthy life. The whole idea of this project is to explain how we can improve healthcare in rural areas through the use of ICT. In Urban areas of Nigeria, so many health care deliveries are introduced such as Federal Medical Centres, Teaching Hospitals, Private Hospitals and Clinics located in states which have more equipments than rural areas that provide good equipments to examine patients at different kind of diseases. In Rural areas, health care is very poor and has no good equipments to treat patients with a particular disease. Also the people have to walk too far to receive bad treatment in a hospital that has neither professional doctor nor good drugs for treatment. Based on my private interview with a man in yola bye pass explain how healthcare affecting his own village saying: People are too poor and receiving lower income as such they cannot afford to go to the urban areas to receive good treatment because they are very poor and they cannot afford to go to school so as to maintain good health and no good health centers nearby. So if a woman has a difficult delivery, a traditional cloth is tied between two sticks and we carry her for seven kilometers to the health center. You know how long it will take to walk like that? And no one will help at the process. Lack of good food is the most frequent problem that brings sickness to the rural areas. Hunger and malnutrition are seen as underlying causes of many diseases. They cause weakness and exhaustion and making people more susceptible to infections. Many people say they eat only once a day and sometimes have nothing for lunch or dinner at the end. The poorest people rely on what they can find growing natural or by catching fish and shellfish. In towns, Hunger is less remarkable or noticeable than it is in rural areas. Hunger is highly seasonal, in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, the season is determined by the agricultural cycle. In urban areas, it often corresponds to the rainy season, when there are fewer jobs in construction and vending. Women in rural areas are so weak by hunger as they do not have enough breast milk to feed their babies. Parents worry constantly about providing enough food for their children. Methodology My Research is based on online sources and interviews which help me to gather information. I also asked questions to people around me about rural health clinics to witness the healthcare situation in area of poverty in the Nation. How can we improve poor peoples health by the used of ICT? It is unquestionable that healthcare in rural Nigeria is in a terrible stage where needs suppose to be address by the help of the governments. There are many ways in which it can be improved. Yet, we are focusing more on the development with the assist of information technology. In the rural areas of Nigeria, information are usually composed and analyzed to provide information for health employees as well as global health programs in the nation. These information help out to bring useful health care to the people. This data is significant so that they can make important decisions as to the healthcare of the people. But, this is not easily done as most of the data are collected manually on paper. This leads to several problems. We as people due make mistakes and incorrect data maybe recorded and inconsistencies may result. The loss of data can be very detrimental to the process of providing healthcare to the people. The introduction of ICT will go a long way to check these constraints to healthcare provision. A structure can be developed to serve as an inner information storeroom which will provide information to healthcare workers in different rural areas. It will be designed at collecting, storing and analyzing data for each rural region. For instance, we can regularly collect data about those infected with HIV/AIDS. This data can be analyzed to get an close into the spread of the disease and the annual growth of the population living with AIDS. The implementation of this system will serve many purposes. Most importantly, it will aid the government in better policy-making as regards to healthcare. Also, government will be able to make more informed decisions as regards to areas where more resources are to be focused. Statistical figures can be derived from the data collected, which researchers in the field can make use of. Patients will benefit from the system, through faster and better service delivery. Ultimately, the provision of healthcare to rural areas can be made in more organized manner, while conserving such resources as money, time and effort. Telemedicine in Rural Healthcare areas of the Nation One of the good qualities of ICT in rural areas healthcare is telemedicine. Telemedicine is the use of ICTs to give healthcare over long distances and can also be used to improve healthcare (Darren Wilkins, 2009). Telemedicine helps in the upgrading of healthcare in a number of ways to save lives. One of the good advantages of telemedicine is that it saves the cost of transportation as well as providing quality healthcare to people living in the rural areas who dont have access to good hospitals, drugs and qualified doctors. Also, it could save the cost and time of people in rural areas going all the way to the cities to receive treatment. A patient in a remote village where there is no clinic may not have to travel the long distance into the city to get medical attention. If a system can be set up, so that doctors can give patients remote assistance, the time and risk spent travelling to the cities can be reduced. This can be done through the use of mobile phones. If it is a minor i llness, the patient can call doctor and explain the symptoms he or she is experiencing, and the doctor can prescribe some drugs and send the prescription to the person at the moment. Then the patient can buy the prescribed medicine from the local stores nearby. Solutions to the Problems of health care in Rural Nigeria by using ICT. Provision of power to the hospitals: The government should kindly improve to put solar systems to all the hospitals in rural areas because it will help in having lights when NEPA took off and it will help also when a doctor is in theater room operating or any emergency machine which requires light to operate. Condition for internet: Hospitals should have access to the internet so as to enable them get access to E-learning to people across. Government should get to know the real meaning of ICT into the healthcare system as of keeping of staff records, payroll and access to the internet. Government should allow private institutions and nongovernmental organizations to facilitate healthcare services There is a need to show up the affordability of basic healthcare solutions to the rural areas using ICTs. Conclusion Generally, integration of ICTs into the health care system will go a long way in fostering better healthcare coverage and affordability to the rural populace. Endemics would be better handled and responded to incase of occurrences. The use of databases would give a foundation for coming up with funding plans, study and analysis of diseases and their causes in the rural communities. Also all my solutions and suggestions would be meant if and only if the government will intervene in this so as to make it easier for the people living in rural area of Nigeria.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684 Analyzing the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits s1009684 ABSTRACT Domestic rabbits are becoming increasingly popular as household pets. There is conflicting advice currently given to pet owners with regards to the prevalence of intestinal parasites. 36 rescue rabbits were faecal sampled and assessed for intestinal parasites using a McMasters counting chamber method whereby oocysts per gram (OPG) were calcualted. Of the 36 rabbits sampled, 30 were shown to have intestinal parasites, coccidia being the most prevalent at 83%. Age of the rabbit sampled showed to be a significant indicator for prevalence of infection with rabbits 3 months to 1 year old having the highest prevalence of coccidia. Breed or number in housing environment had no effect on prevalence. Nematodes and cestodes were found in some of the rabbit faecal samples but were not considered significant. No rabbit sampled showed signs of disease or ill health, therefore concluding that OPG was not an indicator for prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment. INTRODUCTION Rabbits are currently rated the third most popular pet in the UK with PDSA estimating the pet population to be around 1.7 million (PDSA Animal Wellbeing Report 2012). As pet rabbits are available in a multitude of varying breeds, sizes, body shapes and personalities it is no wonder they have increased significantly in popularity as pets over the years. Typically domestic rabbits have a life span of 8-12 years with many living longer if cared for in the most appropriate manner. Cat and Dog owners today are very aware of the importance of routine intestinal parasite prevention however, the same cannot be said for rabbit owners. Currently there is a lack in continuity of advice from breeders, pet shop owners and vets as to whether or not it is appropriate to routinely prevent against intestinal parasites. Common intestinal parasites of pet rabbits are Coccidia, Nematodes and Cestodes all of which show little to no zoonotic threat. Coccidiosis is the most common intestinal parasite in rabbits and is a highly contagious protozoal sporazoral infection (Bhat et al 1996). It is caused by the protozoal parasite Eimeria sp. There have been as many as 25 species of coccidia identified, each with varying degrees or pathogenicityand organ specificity (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Healthy rabbits can be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa. All Eimeria species undergo complex life cycle having both intracellular and extracellular stages and asexual and sexual reproduction (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Coccidiosis is initiated by oral ingestion of the sporulated oocyst by a susceptible host (AL-Naimi et al 2012) and the â€Å"infection will develop into disease in young rabbits primarily whereas adults are mostly carriers† (Coudert P., 1989). There are two main forms of the disease, hepatic and intestinal with the latter being more common (Coudert et al. 1995). The majority of the intestinal species develop in the small intesti nes. Symptoms of the disease include failure of young animals to gain weight, diarrhoea, anaemia and growth retardation (Hobbs and Twigg 1998). There are non pathogenic to slightly pathogenic Eimeria sp (E.media, E. exigua, E.perforans E. coecicola), moderately pathogenic (E. irresiduia , E.magna, E.piriformis) and extremely pathogenic (E.intestinalis, E.flavescens) (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). In all the intestinal types the prepatent phase lasts from 5-35 days. The nematode or pinworm Passalurus ambiguus is a very common parasite of the domestic rabbit (Boag 1988). They are long thin worms which are often first noted by owners on the surface of freshly passed faeces (Boag et al 2001). The adult worms are inactive with the immature larvae being mildly pathogenic causing weight loss (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Infection is spread through faecal oral route from contaminated animals (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Less common nematodes found in domestic rabbits are the Obeliscoides cuniculi and the Trichostrongylus spp (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The most common cestode or tapeworm to be found in the domestic rabbit is the Taenia pisiformis, however in general cestodes are not commonly isolated from pet rabbits (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms of the tapeworm develop in the liver and abdominal cavity, compared to the adult form which can be found in the intestines of the rabbit (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms are more common in hutched rabbits. The life cycle of the T. pisiformis is dependent on the dog. Rabbits acquire tapeworms by ingesting contaminated feed and water containing tapeworm segments and eggs from the faeces of dogs (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). The young larvae are then released from the egg, penetrate the digestive tract and migrate to the liver (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). They migrate within the liver, entering into the abdominal cavity. Here they will form fluid filled cysts (cysticerci) which can exit the abdominal cavity with faeces which can then be ingested by do gs (Dolibes-Matcos et al,. 2009), where it is able to develop into a mature tapeworm (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). Therefore parasite prevention within multi pet households plays a pivotal role in cestode population within domestic rabbits (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). There has been considerable research done on intestinal parasites of rabbits used for farming purposes, whether it be for meat or fur production as they have the potential to be a production loosing expense. However the same cannot be said for the domestic household pet rabbit. For this reason there is inconsistent advice given to rabbit owners with regards to the prevalence, prevention and treatment of intestinal parasites. In an attempt to correct this short coming, this study aims to analyse the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a random population of domestic rabbits, to ascertain if prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment is warranted. METHODS AND MATERIALS Faecal samples were collected from 36 randomly selected domestic rabbits. The rabbits were all rescued or surrendered rabbits with unknown previous parasite treatment history. The rabbits were all of varying ages and breeds. The rabbits when sampled were all housed outdoors either in multi rabbit accommodation or single hutches. It was unknown if the rabbits had previously been housed indoors or outdoors. Fresh faecal pellets were collected from each rabbit individually. The faeces was stored in plastic sealed bags and stored at 4 °C until analysis. The McMasters technique was used to assess the faecal samples. 4 grams of faeces was placed into a container and 56ml of saturated salt solution was added (400grams of sodium chloride in 1000ml of water with a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20) (Carvalho et al. 2011; Mundt et al. 2005; Velkers, et al. 2010). The contents of the container were thoroughly mixed and then filtered through a tea strainer (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The r emaining suspension was then transferred into the McMasters counting chamber using a pipette and rested for 5 minutes (Coudert et al. 1995). The number of oocysts, nematodes and cestodes were calculated within each chamber and then multiplied by 50 to give the oocyst, nematodes or cestode per gram of faeces (OPG) (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Analysing the McMasters chamber allowed for the identification of different nematode and cestode eggs however only the Eimeria sp was able to the identified. Further analysis into what subspecies was present was not completed as this required sporulation of the oocysts which was not feasible in this study. This statistical package Minitab was used for data analysis and a value of P RESULTS Of the 36 rabbit faecal samples tested, 30 rabbits showed to have intestinal parasites. Table 1 shows the most common parasite found on faecal analysis was coccidia, Eimeria sp with a prevalence of 83% followed by Passalurus ambigious 22%. With 83% of the population sampled infected with Eimeria sp further analysis was done with regards to possible influences on the intensity of invasion. Table 2 shows the effect of age of the rabbits with regards to prevalence of Eimeria sp. There was a significant difference (P value Eimeria sp. There was a higher prevalence noted with rabbits who were aged 3 months to 1 year compared to less than 3 months or over one year old. This is consistent with results recorded by Fa Jing et al. 2011. Table 3 shows the effect of breed with regards to the prevalence of Eimeria sp. The Lionhead rabbits were most effected with Eimeria sp, with a prevalence of 28% however there was no significant difference (P value >0.05) in varying breeds with prevalence of th e parasite. Table 3 reports that there was a slightly higher prevalence of Eimeria sp in rabbits housed in a multiple rabbit hutch compared to rabbits who were housed signally, prevalence being 44% and 39% respectively. However, there was no significant difference seen between the two groups (P value >0.05). Table 1: Prevalence of intestinal parasites of 36 sampled domestic rabbits Table 2: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on age groups Table 3: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on breed Table 4: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent number in housing DISCUSSION Rai et al. (1985) reported that coccidosis was the most common protozoan disease encountered by rabbits causing acute and chronic disease in all age groups. Be it that the subject group Rai et al 1985 reported on were farmed rabbits destined for the meat trade, this study focussing on domestic pet rabbits has revealed comparable results, with Eimeria sp being the most prevalent internal parasite recorded. Coudert, (1989) suggested that there was no correlation between OPG and the severity of the disease seen in the rabbits. This suggestion correlates to the results reported in this study as even the rabbits with the highest OPG’s, Lionhead breeds and rabbits of 3 months to 1 year of age were not showing any signs of clinical disease (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). Previous studies by Pakandl et al. (2008) and Papeschi et al. (2013) showed that adult rabbits have the ability to be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa which stands to reason why non of the rabb its sampled for this study who showed to have a coccidia infestation were not showing any clinical signs of illness. Bhat et al. (1996) described rabbit coccidia as â€Å"very immunogenic† with the ability for hosts to develop natural resistance especially with regards to E.intestinalis. Possibly this may be the reason for 6 rabbits of the 36 sampled to be free from coccidia. A â€Å"crowding phenomenon† was described by Brackett and Bliznick, (1952) which discusses the importance of housing population numbers with respects to OPG’s recorded. Although the prevalence of coccidia in rabbits housed in multiple numbers was higher compared to rabbits housed as individuals, there was no significant difference to be found between the two in this study. Subclinical coccidiosis disease is a possible explanation for 30 of the 36 rabbits sampled who showed to have OPG but not showing clinical signs of disease. As there was no previous history on the rabbits, it is not possible to determine if the rabbits have been slowly decreasing on body weight over time. Even though body weight is a simple recording to be made it is the most accurate when determining if subclinical protozoan disease is present or not (Boag et al 2001; Licois and Coudert, 1980). Multiple studies have shown that there is a relationship between myxoma virus and internal nematode infections within rabbit populations (Boag, 1988; Boag et al., 200; Lello et al., 2005). It has been concluded by Cattadori et al., (2007), (2008) that rabbits which are infected with myxoma virus and or rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are more susceptible to intestinal nematode and cestode infections (Licois and Coudert, 1980). Given that the vast majority of domestic rabbits are commonly vaccinated against both myxoma virus and RHDV, it stands to reason that this is a contributing factor for the low nematode and cestode prevalence recorded in this study. The aim of this study was to determine if the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits warrants routine worming. Given that no rabbit in the sample population was showing signs of clinical intestinal parasitic disease and there were low prevalence percentages for nematodes and cestodes, it can be concluded that routine worming of pet rabbits is not warranted. The high prevalence of coccidia within the population could be contributed to asymptomatic carriers, whereby until clinical signs of disease develop namely weight loss and diarrhoea it would then be appropriate to consider treatment for the disease. This topic should not be considered exhausted by any means. There is great room for scope in this field with only limited research published on this subject to date. Further studies would benefit from greater background knowledge on the sample population, especially with regards to previous medical history and treatment. Given that the domestic rabbits as household pets is continuing to increase in popularity further research into preventable disease is paramount.

Oedipus Rex :: Oedipus Rex Poem Essays

Oedipus Rex Sophocles Awake ye men of earth; remove thy shackles from thy body and acquaint yourself with the mother as you pass through creation in the manner of a tragedian romance, embodying nature and spirit. And in your night crusade, you will perceive a revelation of the most superlative feelings that come not from words or form, but from light. Hope Saphos DeVenuto A vaporous energy passes before us as a wave which carries us through the categories of the mind of an ancient past in Aristotelian truth. Aristotle's cool objective eyewhich ascends from his deductive logic, introduces to the arts a canvas of inner landscapes that becomes an expedition of mans human instinct for imitation, harmony and rhythm. Aristotle's observation of the human experience becomes a psychological basis of modern learning by accumulating the facts and causes of an existing world. In his poetics, life is poetic. Everything written has its own style and rhythm which concludes that poetry arose from an inborn gift that developed into two directions. Comedy which is the pillory of the meaner actions of life and tragedy which stages a nobleman's vulnerabilities into full blown out drama from the simple and continuous fundamental questioning of his moment to moment solitary acts. What can be more wonderful than a man and woman who are painted as descendant characters from fables and myths of a culture and at the same time dissect their humanness, interweaving human idiosyncrasy with the power of fate? This depicts the poetic art form of Sophocle's Oedipus Rex ,which possesses an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain immensity that expresses language with creative adornments and dramatic action. According to Aristotle, plot is the most crucial aspect of tragedy and to achieve this dimension of space, the plot must have a beginning, middle and an end. Just as a living organism has a biorhythm, so does the plot through the emotional, intellectual, and physical activity of the events from "calamity to good fortune or from good fortune to calamity." Complication, unraveling and surprise are the components of the best living tragedy, along with the noble individual who brings about his own downfall through his own debilities. Through Oedipus Rex there is a definite movement of the adult and child experience where the affair may or may not happen. As history deals with our particular past, poetry is more philosophical with a higher and more universal meaning. If one were to be the child of Oedipus and Jocasta, there would be no feelings of shame, only the feelings of suffering a great loss of both parents and a misunderstood sexuality.

Does Utopia describe an ideal society? Essay -- English Literature

Does Utopia describe an ideal society? Thomas More was born in London in 1477. More had an extensive education and rose quickly through the Government hierarchy and attained high office. In May 1515 he was appointed to a delegation to help revise an Anglo-Flemish commercial treaty. During this time he began writing Utopia and completed it upon his return to London. Utopia was first published in Latin, at Louvain in December 1516. More added Utopia just before the outbreak of the reformation, during a time when the stresses and corruption that led to the reformation were rapidly increasing towards conflict. Utopia itself depicts what its narrator Hythloday, claimed to be an ideal society. The book became a huge success and founded a literary tradition known as ‘the utopian novel’. This tradition is an authors attempt to describe a perfect and ideal society. The book is in two parts, and it is believed that the first was written last and the second was written first. The first book (book 1) is presented as an introduction to book 2 as well as providing commentary to it. It is also viewed by many that the first book was likely to have been written in two parts, firstly, to briefly introduce the characters particularly the narrator: Hythloday. With the second part being of Hythloday giving an extended speech on a number of subjects with some being of a major interest to More the author. Book one starts off as a discussion between More, Hythloday and Peter Giles. At first the discussion is very relaxed, starting off in a church, then continuing into a garden and also at a friend’s dinner but soon becoming more and more intense as they enter into debates such as practical politics and the problem of th... ...cter Hythloday translates into ‘expert in nonsense’. Showing that overall, More may not have perceived Utopia a society of idealism and perfection, but it would seem that many of Utopia’s policies offer criticisms and resolutions to the problems he saw in Europe at the time, and so it is vital to see that this book is a response to a specific historical period. Bibliography Logan, G, M., Adams, R, M. (1997). Utopia. London: Cambridge University Press. Skinner, Q. (1978). The foundations of modern political thought: The Renaissance V.1. London: Cambridge University Press. More, T., Turner, P (editor). Utopia (2003). London: Penguin Books ltd. Solomon, R, C., Higgins, K, M., (1996). A short history of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. - Thomas More/Utopia Websites: www.d-holliday.com/tmore/bio/html www.utoronto.ca/links.html

College Admissions Essay: Passion for Life :: College Admissions Essays

A Passion for Life    I am a senior at Western High School. I am currently a member of the Honors program and I will be graduating in the spring of 2003. While at Western, I have been involved in many activities including; collegiate track, the fencing team, forensics, volunteer programs and foreign studies. Western has enabled me to broaden my knowledge in many areas of study. I have enrolled in many courses that have helped me become a well-rounded, educated individual.    I have a plethora of interests and experience's. My philosophy of life leads me to encounter many new adventures and challenges that I find immense interests in learning and conquering. My passion for life allows me to apply my endless energy into many hobbies, studies, and personal relationships. I will never loose my passion or my commitment to learning about life and the experience it offers.    I have enjoyed hiking the Southern Alps of New Zealand, swimming the salty waters of the Mediterranean Sea, brushing my hand over the smooth tiles of the Opera House of Sydney Australia, climbing to the top of the Eiffel Tower of France, hearing the deep bells of Big Ben in London, witnessing the artistic beauty of the Sistine Chapel in Italy and many more memories that will be remembered and soon accompanied by more.    My close personal relationships are few, however, significantly important in my life and defining who I am. I have two sisters, Rebecca and Jennifer, who have helped me become the loving woman I am today. I have one brother, Nolan, who brought me under his wing as I grew and taught me the key to creativity. I have a father, John, who has shown to me the importance of honest hard work and unconditional love.

Ehe problem of evil Essay

No matter what you believe, all religions try to prevent evil from happening. Through beliefs of karma, good deeds equal good life and vice versa, or treating others the way you want to be treated the central theme is goodness. Evil is created by people and how we interpret other people’s actions. Not all people believe the same types of things are evil, some find mental disease as a scientific diagnosis others a possession of the devil. Some people define evil as anyone different from their skin, religious belief, or everyday mannerisms. The Holocaust is one major example of evil in action. Hitler thought he was doing a good thing by getting rid of all the Jews and others who were different from him and so did his followers. The rest of the world saw it as pure evil and did everything they could to stop or try to prevent more and more Jews from dying. Many people have different perceptions of evil and its origin. Some question â€Å"If God is all powerful and amazing why would he create evil? Why not just let everyone live in happiness and harmony? † It is hard to answer questions like these because not all people have the same morals or values as other people. Some value separate gods who have different worldly tasks, others one powerful and almighty God creator of heaven and earth, and some who don’t believe in a higher above but still have their own set of rules and morals. From a Christian perspective evil is of the devils work and there are many things in the bible showing what is and isn’t evil. A major topic in today’s society is homosexuality rights such as marriage. In the bible there are many different verses about homosexuality as a bad thing and as a good thing. In the book of Genesis, the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are talked about for their wickedness and sin. Eventually God destroys them to prove a point and attempt to get rid of sin. Because many people don’t know how to interpret homosexuality, they throw it into the mix of sin that was in Sodom and Gomorrah. There are many versus in the bible such as â€Å"Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. † 1 Corinthians 6:9-10. Some argue that the term homosexual offenders are referring to male prostitution rather than two committed same sex partners. Others believe that Paul wouldn’t have written prostitution twice even though the Bible is full of repetition. Different versus discuss that homosexuality is detestable and actors on this should be put to death. Because people aren’t used to the idea of people being happy with someone who has the same gender, people create these titles and make harmless things seem evil. There are plenty of things that the bible condones as evil however society still does it. Premarital sex, divorce, abortion, cursing, using the Lord’s name in vein are all things that are considered evil and sinful yet they’re part of our daily lives. We create television shows to broadcast teen pregnancy and divorces in the courtroom and part of those shows include cursing, defacing the Lord’s name and thoughts of abortion yet we watch them for our entertainment. MTV created Teen Mom other stations created Divorce Court and so many other things like the Bachelor and Bachelorette all broadcasting and encouraging what’s said to be evil actions in life yet no one bats an eye. However when two people who love one another choose to express themselves and vow to love one another forever that happen to be the same gender people freak out and all of a sudden their religion comes out of hiding. People can’t expect evil not to take place when they encourage the behavior. Evil comes in all forms, shapes and sizes. The questioning of its creation shouldn’t be asked why God did it, but why we view things as evil. Why is it evil for two men or two women to lie in bed together and love one another? It doesn’t harm anyone who isn’t directly involved so why stress over it? The Bible also talks about divorce being evil and sinful in which the punishment is for the woman to be stoned. Why aren’t we stoning people today if the same principle is applied? I believe that we all create our own evil as a way to decipher what we believe isn’t morally correct to create a comfort for ourselves. Not to say that killing someone will ever be justifiable but there are different extremes of evil just as there is good. Unfortunately people don’t know the balance between the two, so they pick the battles that they feel they will win. There are evil things out there in the world such as: murder mass or individual, human trafficking and rape, and all forms of abuse. Those are the things that most people will agree to be unjust evil actions in today’s society. Evil’s definition is associated with pain, harmful, wicked, or injurious. It also speaks of being immoral however everyone’s morals are different. Morals are based on perception and religion and since not everyone believes the same religion or has the same perception, people should be allowed to express their own beliefs within reason.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 7

Elena woke to the sound of Damon impatiently rapping on the window of the Prius. She was fully clothed, clutching her diary to her. It was the day after Matt had left them. â€Å"Did you sleep all night like that?† Damon asked, looking her up and down as Elena rubbed her eyes. As usual, he was immaculately dressed: all in black, of course. Heat and humidity had no effect on him. â€Å"I've had my breakfast,† he said shortly, getting in the driver's seat. â€Å"And I brought you this.† This was a styrofoam cup of steaming coffee, which Elena clutched as gratefully as if it were Black Magic wine, and a brown paper bag that proved to contain donuts. Not exactly the most nutritious breakfast, but Elena craved the caffeine and sugar. â€Å"I need a rest stop,† Elena warned as Damon coolly seated himself behind the wheel and started the car. â€Å"To change my clothes and wash my face and things.† They headed directly west, which accorded with what Elena had found by looking at a map on the Internet last night. The small image on her mobile phone matched the Prius's navigation system readout. They had both shown that Sedona, Arizona, lay on an almost perfectly straight horizontal line from the small rural road where Damon had parked overnight in Arkansas. But soon Damon was turning south, taking a roundabout route of his own that might or might not confuse any pursuers. By the time they found a rest stop, Elena's bladder was about to burst. She spent an unashamed half hour in the women's room, doing her best to wash with paper towels and cold water, brushing her hair, and changing into new jeans and a fresh white top that laced up the front like a corset. After all, one of these days she just might have another out of body experience while napping and see Stefan again. What she didn't want to think about was that with Matt's departure, she was left alone with Damon, an untamed vampire, traveling through the middle of the United States toward a destination that was literally out of this world. When Elena finally emerged from the restroom, Damon was cold and expressionless – although she noticed that he took the time to look her over just the same. Oh, damn, Elena thought. I left my diary in the car. She was as certain that he'd read it as if she'd seen him doing it, and she was glad that there was nothing in it about leaving her body and finding Stefan. Although she believed Damon wanted to free Stefan, too – she wouldn't be in this car with him if she didn't – she also felt that it was better that he didn't know she had gotten there first. Damon enjoyed being in charge of things as much as she did. He also enjoyed Influencing each police officer who pulled him over for blasting the speed limit. But today he was short-tempered even by his own standards. Elena knew from firsthand experience that Damon could make himself remarkably good company when he chose, telling outrageous stories and jokes until the most prejudiced and taciturn of passengers would laugh in spite of themselves. But today he wouldn't even reply to Elena's questions, much less laugh at her own jokes. The one time she tried to make physical contact, touching his arm lightly, he jerked away as if her touch might ruin his black leather jacket. Fine, terrific, Elena thought, depressed. She leaned her head against the window and stared at the scenery, which all looked alike. Her mind wandered. Where was Matt now? Ahead of them or behind? Had he gotten any rest last night? Was he driving through Texas now? Was he eating properly? Elena blinked away tears, which welled up whenever she remembered the way he had walked away from her without a backward look. Elena was a manager. She could make almost any situation turn out okay, as long as the people around her were normal, sane beings. And managing boys was her speciality. She'd been handling them – steering them – since junior high. But now, approximately two and a half weeks since she had come back from death, from some spirit world that she didn't remember, she didn't want to steer anyone. That was what she loved about Stefan. Once she'd gotten past his reflexive instinct to keep away from anything he cherished, she didn't need to manage him at all. He was maintenance-free, except for the gentlest of hints that she'd turned herself into an expert on vampires. Not at hunting them or slaying them, but at loving them safely. Elena knew when it was right to bite or be bitten, and when to stop, and how to keep herself human. But apart from those gentle hints, she didn't even want to manage Stefan. She wanted simply to be with him. After that, everything took care of itself. Elena could live without Stefan – she thought. But just as being away from Meredith and Bonnie was like living without her two hands, living without Stefan would be like trying to live without her heart. He was her partner in the Great Dance; her equal and her opposite; her beloved and her lover in the purest sense imaginable. He was the other half of the Sacred Mysteries of Life to her. And after seeing him last night, even if it had been a dream, which she wasn't willing to accept, Elena missed him so much that it was a throbbing pain inside her. A pain so great that she couldn't bear to just sit and dwell on it. If she did she might just go insane and start raving at Damon to drive faster – and Elena might hurt inside, but she wasn't suicidal. They stopped at some nameless town for lunch. Elena had no appetite, but Damon spent the entire break as a bird, which for some reason infuriated her. By the time they were driving again, the tension in the car had built until the old clich was impossible to avoid: you could cut it with a folded napkin, much less a knife, Elena thought. That was when she realized exactly what kind of tension it was. The one thing that was saving Damon was his pride. He knew that Elena had things figured out. She'd stopped trying to touch him or even speak to him. And that was good. He wasn't supposed to be feeling like this. Vampires wanted girls for their pretty white throats, and Damon's sense of esthetics demanded that the rest of the donor be at least up to his standards. But now even Elena's human-sized aura was advertising the unique life-force in her blood. And Damon's response was involuntary. He had not even thought about a girl in this way for approximately five hundred years. Vampires weren't capable of it. But Damon was – very capable – now. And the closer he got to Elena, the stronger her aura was around him, and the weaker was his control. Thank all the little demons in hell, his pride was stronger than the desire he felt. Damon had never asked for anything from anyone in his life. He paid for the blood he took from humans in his own particular coin: of pleasure and fantasy and dreams. But Elena didn't need fantasy; didn't want dreams. Didn't want him. She wanted Stefan. And Damon's pride would never allow him to ask Elena for what he alone desired, and equally it would never allow him to take it without her consent†¦he hoped. Just a few days ago he had been an empty shell, his body a puppet of the kitsune twins, who had made him hurt Elena in ways that now made him cringe inside. Damon hadn't existed then as a personality, but his body had been Shinichi's to play with. And although he scarcely could believe it, the takeover had been so complete that his shell had obeyed Shinichi's every command: he had tormented Elena; he might well have killed her. There was no point in disbelieving it; or saying that it couldn't be true. It was true. It had happened. Shinichi was that much stronger when it came to mind control, and the kitsune had none of the vampires' detachment about pretty girls – below the neck. Besides which, he happened to be a sadist. He liked pain – other people's, that is. Damon couldn't deny the past, couldn't wonder why he hadn't â€Å"awakened† to stop Shinichi from hurting Elena. There had been nothing of him to awaken. And if a solitary part of his mind still wept because of the evil he had done – well, Damon was good at blocking it out. He wouldn't waste time over regrets, but he was intent on controlling the future. It would never happen again – not and leave him still alive. What Damon really couldn't understand was why Elena was pushing him. Acting as if she trusted him. Of all the people in the world, she was the one with the most right to hate him, to point an accusing finger at him. But she had never once done that. She had never even looked at him with anger in her dark blue, gold-spattered eyes. She alone had seemed to understand that someone as completely possessed by the master of the malach, Shinichi, as Damon had been, simply had no choice – wasn't there to make a choice – in what he or she did. Maybe it was because she'd pulled the thing the malach had created out of him. The pulsating, albino, second body that had been inside him. Damon forced himself to repress a shudder. He only knew this because Shinichi had jovially mentioned it, while taking away all Damon's memories of the time since the two of them, kitsune and vampire, had met in the Old Wood. Damon was glad to have had the memories gone. From the moment he had locked gazes with the fox spirit's laughing golden eyes, his life had been poisoned. And now†¦right now he was alone with Elena, in the middle of the wilderness, with towns few and far between. They were utterly, uniquely alone, with Damon helplessly wanting from Elena what every human boy she'd ever encountered had wanted. Worst of all was the fact that charming girls, deceiving girls, was practically Damon's own raison d'tre. It was certainly the only reason he'd been able to keep on living for the past half millennium. And yet he knew that he must not, must not even start the process with this one girl who, to him, was the jewel lying on the dungheap of humanity. To all appearances, he was perfectly in control, icy and precise, distant and disinterested. The truth was that he was going out of his mind. That night, after making sure that Elena had food and water and was safely locked into the Prius, Damon called down a damp fog and began to weave his darkest wards. These were announcements to any sisters or brothers of the night who might come upon the car that the girl inside it was under Damon's protection; and that Damon would hunt down and flay alive anyone who even disturbed the girl's rest†¦and then he'd get around to really punishing the culprit. Damon then flew a few miles south as a crow, found a dive with a pack of werewolves drinking in it and a few charming barmaids serving them, and brawled and bled the night away. But it wasn't enough to distract him – not nearly enough. In the morning, returning early, he saw the wards around the car in tatters. Before he could panic, he realized that Elena had broken them from the inside. There had been no warning to him because of her peaceful intent and innocent heart. And then Elena herself appeared, coming up the bank of a stream, looking clean and refreshed. Damon was stricken speechless by the very sight of her. By her grace, by her beauty, by the unbearable closeness of her. He could smell her freshly washed skin, and couldn't help deliberately breathing in more and more of her unique fragrance. He didn't see how he could put up with another day of this. And then Damon suddenly had an Idea. â€Å"Would you like to learn something that would help you to control that aura of yours?† he asked as she passed him, heading for the car. Elena threw him a sidelong glance. â€Å"So you've decided to talk to me again. Am I supposed to faint with joy?† â€Å"Well – that would always be appreciated – â€Å" â€Å"Would it?† she said sharply, and Damon realized that he had underestimated the storm he had brewed inside this formidable girl. â€Å"No. Now, I'm being serious,† he said, fixing his dark gaze on her. â€Å"I know. You're going to tell me to become a vampire to help control my Power.† â€Å"No, no, no. This has nothing to do with being a vampire.† Damon refused to be drawn into an argument and that must have impressed Elena, because finally she said, â€Å"What is it, then?† â€Å"It's learning how to circulate your Power. Blood circulates, yes? And Power can be circulated, too. Even humans have known that for centuries, whether they call it life-force or chi or ki. As it is, you're simply dissipating your Power into the air. That's an aura. But if you learn to circulate it, you can build it up for some really big release, and you can be more inconspicuous as well.† Elena was clearly fascinated. â€Å"Why didn't you tell me before?† Because I'm stupid, Damon thought. Because to vampires it's as instinctive as breathing is to you. He lied unblushingly. â€Å"It takes a certain level of competence to accomplish.† â€Å"And I can do it now?† â€Å"I think so.† Damon put slight uncertainty in his voice. Naturally, this made Elena even more determined. â€Å"Show me!† she said. â€Å"You mean right now?† He glanced around. â€Å"Someone might drive by – â€Å" â€Å"We're off the road. Oh, please, Damon? Please?† Elena looked at Damon with the huge blue eyes that altogether too many males had found irresistible. She touched his arm, trying once more to make some kind of contact, but when he automatically drew away, she continued, â€Å"I really do want to learn. You can teach me. Just show me once, and I'll practice.† Damon glanced down at his arm, felt his good sense and his will wavering. How does she do that? â€Å"All right.† He sighed. There were at least three or four billion people on this dust mote of a planet that would give anything to be with this warm and eager, yearning Elena Gilbert. The problem was that he happened to be one of them – and that she clearly didn't give a damn for him. Of course not. She had dear Stefan. Well, he would see if his princess was still the same when – if – she managed to free Stefan and get out of their destination alive. Meanwhile, Damon concentrated on keeping his voice, face, and aura all dispassionate. He'd had some practice at that. Only five centuries' worth, but it added up. â€Å"First I have to find the place,† he told her, hearing the lack of warmth in his voice, the tone that was not merely dispassionate but actually cold. Elena's expression didn't flicker. She could be dispassionate, too. Even her deep blue eyes seemed to have taken on a frosty glint. â€Å"All right. Where is it?† â€Å"Near where the heart is, but more to the left. He touched Elena's sternum, and then moved his fingers to the left. Elena fought back both tension and a shiver – he could see it. Damon was probing for the place where the flesh became soft over bone, the place most humans assumed their heart was because it was where they could feel their heart beating. It should be right around†¦here†¦. â€Å"Now, I'll run your Power through one or two circulations, and when you can do it by yourself – that's when you'll be ready to really conceal your aura.† â€Å"But how will I know?† â€Å"You'll know, believe me.† He didn't want her to ask questions, so he simply held up one hand in front of her – not touching her flesh or even her clothing – and brought her life-force in synchronization with his. There. Now, to set the process off. He knew what it would feel like to Elena: an electric shock, starting at the point where he had first touched her and quickly spreading warmth through her body. Then, a rapid montage of sensations as he went through a practice rotation or two with her. Up toward him, to her eyes and ears, where she would suddenly find she could see and hear much better, then down her spine and out to her fingertips, while her heartbeat quickened and she felt something like electricity in her palms. Back up her arm and down the side of her body, at which point a tremor would set in. Finally, the energy would sweep down her magnificent leg all the way to her feet, where she would feel it in her soles, curling her toes, before coming back around to where it had started near her heart. Damon heard Elena gasp faintly when the shock first hit her, and then felt her heartbeat race and her eyelashes flicker as the world suddenly became much lighter to her; her pupils dilating as if she were in love, her body going rigid at the tiny sound of some rodent in the grass – a sound she would never have heard without Power directed to her ears. And so, all around her body, once, and then again, so she could get a feel for the process. Then he let her go. Elena was panting and exhausted; and he'd been the one expending energy. â€Å"I'll never – be able – to do that alone,† she gasped. â€Å"Yes, you will, in time and with practice. And when you can do it, you'll be able to control all your Power.† â€Å"If you†¦say so.† Elena's eyes were shut now, her lashes dark crescents on her cheeks. It was clear that she'd been pushed to her limit. Damon felt the temptation to draw her to him, but suppressed it. Elena had made it clear that she didn't want him embracing her. I wonder just how many boys she didn't push away, Damon thought abruptly, bitterly. That surprised him a little, the bitterness. Why should he care how many boys had handled Elena? When he made her his Princess of Darkness, they would both go hunting for human prey – sometimes together, sometimes alone. He wouldn't be jealous of her then. Why should he care how many romantic encounters she'd had now? But he found that he was bitter, bitter and angry enough that he answered without warmth, â€Å"I do say you will. Just practice doing it alone.† In the car, Damon managed to stay annoyed with Elena. This was difficult, as she was a perfect traveling companion. She didn't chatter, didn't try to hum or – thank fortune – sing along with the radio, didn't chew gum or smoke, didn't backseat drive, didn't need too many rest stops, and never asked â€Å"Are we there yet?† As a matter of fact, it was difficult for anyone, male or female, to stay annoyed at Elena Gilbert for any length of time. You couldn't say she was too exuberant, like Bonnie, or too serene, like Meredith. Elena was just sweet enough to offset her bright, active, ever-scheming mind. She was just compassionate enough to make up for her self-confessed egotism, and just skewed enough to ensure that no one would ever call her normal. She was intensely loyal to her friends and just forgiving enough that she herself considered almost no one an enemy – kitsune and Old Ones of the vampire kind excepted. She was honest and frank and loving, and of course she had a dark streak in her that her friends simply called wild, but that Damon recognized for what it really was. It compensated for the naà ¯ve, soft, ingenuous side of her nature. Damon was very sure that he didn't need any of those qualities in her, especially right now. Oh, yes†¦and Elena Gilbert was just gorgeous enough to make any of her negative characteristics completely irrelevant. But Damon was determined to be annoyed and he was strong-willed enough that he could usually choose his mood and stick to it, appropriate or not. He ignored all of Elena's attempts at conversation, and eventually she gave up trying to make them. He kept his mind pinned to the dozens of boys and men whom the exquisite girl beside him must have bedded. He knew that Elena, Caroline, and Meredith had been the â€Å"senior† members of the quartet when they had all been friends, while little Bonnie had been the youngest and had been considered a bit too naà ¯ve to be fully initiated. So why was he with Elena now? he found himself asking sourly, wondering for just the slightest second if Shinichi was manipulating him as well as taking his memories. Did Stefan ever worry about her past – especially with an old boyfriend – Mutt – still hanging around, willing to give his very life for her? Stefan must not, or he'd have put a stop – no, how could Stefan put a stop to anything Elena wanted to do? Damon had seen the clash of their wills, even when Elena had been a child mentally just after returning from the afterlife. When it came to Stefan and Elena's relationship, Elena was definitely in control. As humans said: She wore the trousers in the family. Well, soon enough she could see how she liked wearing harem trousers, Damon thought, laughing silently, although his mood was darker than ever. The sky over the car darkened further in response, and wind ripped summer leaves from branches before their time. Cat's paws of rain dotted the windshield, and then came the flash of lightning and the echoing sound of thunder. Elena jumped slightly, involuntarily, every time the thunder let loose. Damon watched this with grim satisfaction. He knew she knew that he could control the weather. Neither of them said a single word about it. She won't beg, he thought, feeling that quick savage pride in her again and then feeling annoyance with himself for being so soft. They passed a motel, and Elena followed the blurry electric signs with her eyes, looking over her shoulder until it was lost in darkness. Damon didn't want to stop driving. Didn't dare stop, really. They were headed into a really nasty storm now, and occasionally the Prius hydroplaned, but Damon managed to keep it under control – barely. He enjoyed driving in these conditions. It was only when a sign proclaimed that the next place of shelter was over a hundred miles away that Damon, without consulting Elena, swung into a flooding driveway and stopped the car. The clouds had let loose by then; the rain was coming down in bucketfuls; and the room Damon got was a small outbuilding, separated from the main motel. The solitude suited Damon just fine.

Heavy Drug Usage: Why Some Individuals Have More Addiction Over Others Essay

In order to understand why some individuals are more addictive than others, we need to look at the issue of addiction in our country’s usage of cocaine, crack, or methamphetamine. We also need to look at their dependency on them, and why some addictions carry more weight for some than for others. Heavy drug use is the highest among youth and young adolescents   especially young males   which is presently at its highest level in 9 years for that age, according to the 2006 PRIDE statistics. (PRIDE, 2006). According to their surveys, the fourth grade and the ninth grade were the highest users of heavy drugs (i. . other drugs or illicit drugs), even though they had a more difficult time getting them than the older adolescents. Marijuana is a minor drug, but one that the majority of drug users begin with to start the addictive path. Addiction begins in the brain, with the brainstem considered as the most primitive part of our body, controlling the heart rate, inhalation and exhaling, and resting. How drugs influence this area in regard to addiction is because the drug particle is similar in size and shape to natural neurotransmitters. Once they lock into the brain, they begin to release neurotransmitters. More and more â€Å"drugs† once entered into the brain will lock and release, with more and more neurotransmitters that become unnatural flooding into the brain. Many of the illegal drugs – – nicotine, crack, crank, cocaine, and marijuana – – affect the limbic system of the brain, which is the â€Å"reward† system, responding to pleasurable experiences by releasing dopamine, the main creator of pleasurable feelings or simply â€Å"feeling good†. Excess drugs will bring on a â€Å"drug high† or overdosing. Without addictions, there would not be serious drug usage for any individual. Addictions cause the â€Å"I have to have it† feeling that originally began as an minor experiment or a fun thing to do. As the body and mind becomes dependant on the drug for a good feeling, it eventually needs more and more in the system to maintain that feeling of goodness, until the craving becomes a number one obsession – – with the level of craving depending on the type of drug used. According to the American Heritage English Dictionary, the word addiction means, â€Å"Compulsive physiological and psychological need for a habit-forming substance,† or â€Å"The condition of being habitually or compulsively occupied with or involved in something. This compulsion or addiction has ruined many lives, with drug incarceration in the U. S. the highest it ever has been, with an increase in 35% since 1995. (Colson, 2006, pg 2). Addictions begin because drugs are considered â€Å"the painkillers of physical and emotional pain. † Not everyone becomes addicted because not everyone is unhappy, has physical or emotional pain, or lives with huge amounts of unsolvable problems. But the foremost causes of addiction in youth or adolescents are also peer pressure, manipulation, or boredom, with other factors being included. There are three theories why addictions occur in someone: the first is the â€Å"biochemical† predisposition where some people react different than others do, regardless of the situation; the second theory is the â€Å"disease concept† where addiction is considered an inherited disease, where the individual is permanently ill at a genetic level; and the third theory is that addiction is a â€Å"mental weakness or flaw†, where a person can overcome it through will-power or mental processes – – another part of this theory is that of â€Å"falling from grace†, where recovery comes from a higher power. But so far, none of these theories have proved correct, which is why they are still theories. Kids continue using drugs because the feelings of unhappiness or hopelessness are buried by drug usage when using them. The addiction becomes the only way of life to live for someone to experience â€Å"happiness† or to feel â€Å"pleasure† – – anyway, as long as the money holds out for the drug purchases. If not, theft and selling drugs will begin another way of life for them to support their habit. After that, prison or death is the next and final level. Different levels of addictions are experienced by different individuals, because people are different: they are mentally and physically different; their life experiences are different; their values and ethics are different; and their problems or happiness are on different levels. Because of this, peer pressure and powers of persuasion affects different people in different ways. Peer pressure has a lot to do with influencing youth to begin using drugs of any kind. After all, nobody wants to look like they don’t belong, do they? Combined with the power of persuasion, an unhappy individual with lots of problems or filled with boredom cannot fight against it, as it promises a false sense of happiness that does not really exist, yet they still believe it is the easy way out. Self-concept of an individual has a lot to do with the usage of drugs and is considered the most vital ingredient in a happy and content individual. Once this begins to go down, drug usage and depression have an open door, as it falsely raises the lowered self-esteem. By keeping this part of the personality up, peer pressure and manipulation won’t have such a hold on the individual. To develop peer pressure, the individual needs to have friends or a group they run with – – or seek to belong to – – by doing things that goes against their personal moral beliefs, such as using drugs for the first time. Individuals who do not care what others think, will not be influenced on the same level of peer pressure. To impress someone, these peer groups exert a lot of influence over prospective new members, forcing them to conform to the group standards. Adolescent peer pressure has always been referred to in a harmful undertone, causing members to become involved in destructive behavior, such as using alcohol or drugs. Peer pressure or drug pushers use the power of persuasion as a marketing tool to obtain desire results. New members are prodded, manipulated, and debased by peer groups to do things they never would have done before, working against an individual’s vulnerable inability to fight against it. Once the individual is on the drugs, it usually is a one-way street to nowhere. Culture and social beliefs come into play with what is accepted as normal in a certain segment of society. Various racial or ethnic groups may hold specific morals, ethics, or biases about certain things that will affect what they consider normal or abnormal. But recent developments in our professional field over the past ten years or so have found that each culture has its own strengths, limitations, and differences – – yet that does not mean they are unequal to another race or culture as they were previously judged by courts, laws, and professionals. Prior to 1990, the U. S. began to undergo a lot of radical demographic changes with diverse populations. Unfortunately, drug usage began to go up with these changes, as it was not considered as abnormal in their own countries as here. When President Reagan began his drug war in October of 1982, certain segments of society, based on certain cultures, felt they were being targeted. But prior to that, society had already set the scene against drugs, â€Å"In 1982, when the drug war began, the recreational use of illegal drugs was in decline. Tonry points out that in 1982, surveys conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse showed significant drops in drug usage over long periods for a wide range of age groups. This decline impacted the use of both legal and illegal substances. For example, the percentages of respondents 18 to 25 years of age reporting marijuana use during the preceding year dropped by approximately 15% between 1979 and 1982, and continued to decline sharply throughout the decade of the 80s. Reported use of cocaine by the same age group also dropped by approximately 15% between 1979 and 1982, and continued to decline throughout the decade. Finally, 18 to 25 year olds who reported using alcohol during the preceding year rose only slightly from 1979 to 1982, but also declined sharply following a peak in 1985. According to Tonry, these statistics ‘signal a broadly based and widely shared change in American attitudes toward the ingestion of dangerous or unhealthy substances that can have little to do with the deterrent effects of law enforcement strategies or criminal sanctions. ‘ Consequently, Reagan’s declaration of war tapped into a growing public sentiment against illegal drug use. (Nunn, 2006). Drug efficacy is the power of a drug to produce a desire effect, or its effectiveness. Another meaning is the treatment against the drug users; â€Å"medical professionals have called for a greater emphasis on treatment for drug users rather than incarceration and felony convictions that made it hard for former users to get their lives on track. † (Connecticut News, 2005). The prisons are already over-crowded, and the drug usage does not seem to be getting any better. The drugs alcohol and marijuana are considered â€Å"gateways† to the heavier drugs or more addictive substances. Under the newer laws where non-violent events are punished with prison terms, and the youth or adolescent individual is convicted of these minor drugs, they carry a lifetime of punishment that prevents them from getting on with their lives. They feel the mistake stays with them the rest of their life, so why quit anyway? Professionals feel that because of this attitude, better treatment instead of prison or jail punishment needs to be the number one choice; due to the fact the United States has a highest population of their own citizens in prison than any other industrialized nation. (Nunn, 2006). Bibliography http://www.pridesurveys.com/customercenter/ue05ns.pdf http://www.socialistworker.org/2006-2/613/613_02_Prison.shtml http://academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/crime09.htm